Molar group contributions to polymer flammability

Walters, Richard N.; Lyon, Richard E.

doi:10.1002/app.11466

Cited by 210 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The heat release capacity Ti c as measured, for example, in the PCFC, is a molecular level fire property that is proportional to the heat release rate per unit area in steady flaming combustion [13] and is calculable from additive molar group contributions [14].…”

Section: Q T (T)=|-am 02 () = ^Fm(t) (3)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustibility of cyanate ester resins

2006

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Flaming and non‐flaming combustion studies were conducted on a series of polycyanurates to examine the effect of chemical composition and physical properties on the fire behavior of these crosslinked, char forming, thermoset polymers. Heats of complete combustion of the polymer and fuel gases were determined by oxygen bomb calorimetry and pyrolysis‐combustion flow calorimetry, respectively. Fire calorimetry experiments were conducted to measure the total heat released, the rate of heat release and the smoke generation in flaming combustion. Fire response parameters derived from the data include the thermal inertia, heat of gasification, effective heat of combustion and combustion efficiency. Halogen‐containing polycyanurates exhibited extremely low heat release rate in flaming combustion compared with the hydrocarbon resins yet produced significantly less smoke and comparable levels of carbon monoxide and soot. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Q T (T)=|-am 02 () = ^Fm(t) (3)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustibility of cyanate ester resins

2006

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“…Compared with conventional fire testing techniques, such as limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical combustion tests and cone calorimetry (Cone), MCC can quickly and easily obtain the key flammability parameters of the materials from just a few milligrams instead of tens or more grams of specimen [14], [15], [16] and [17]. In some cases, MCC results have been shown to correctly predict the results of other fire tests, but this is not always the case.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic effect of carbon nanotubes and decabromodiphenyl oxide/Sb2O3 in improving the flame retardancy of polystyrene

Wilkie

2010

Polymer Degradation and Stability

118

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Abstract:Brominated flame retardant polystyrene composites were prepared by melt blending polystyrene, decabromodiphenyl oxide, antimony oxide, multiwall carbon nanotubes and montmorillonite clay. Synergy between carbon nanotubes and clay and the brominated fire retardant was studied by thermogravimetric analysis, microscale combustion calorimetry and cone calorimetry. Nanotubes are more efficient than clay in improving the flame NOT THE PUBLISHED VERSION; this is the author's final, peer-reviewed manuscript. The published version may be accessed by following the link in the citation at the bottom of the page.Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 95, No. 4 (April 2010): pg. 564-571. DOI. This article is © Elsevier and permission has been granted for this version to appear in e-Publications@Marquette. Elsevier does not grant permission for this article to be further copied/distributed or hosted elsewhere without the express permission from Elsevier.2 retardancy of the materials and promoting carbonization in the polystyrene matrix. Comparison of the results from the microscale combustion calorimeter and the cone calorimeter indicate that the rate of change of the peak heat release rate reduction in the microscale combustion calorimeter was slower than that in the cone. Both heat release capacity and reduction in the peak heat release rate in the microscale combustion calorimeter are important for screening the flame retardant materials; they show good correlations with the cone parameters, peak heat release rate and total heat released.

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“…One recurring need that may be addressed in the future, or at least should be a focus of future research, is small-scale flammability tests that have some potential of screening material flammability performance to rate and screen new flame-retardant chemistries for efficacy. There have been some developments in this area with the use of pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC-ASTM D7309) (106)(107)(108)(109)(110)(111)(112)(113), but most screening tests remain bench scale in size. For some fire tests that require large amounts of material, such as the ''Steiner tunnel test'' (ASTM E84) or the room corner test (ISO 9705), some improvements in bench scale testing are needed to predict the performance.…”

Section: Flame Retardants With Improved Recyclability and Lowermentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardants: Overview

Morgan

Worku

2015

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Flame retardants are a class of chemicals utilized to provide fire safety performance to other materials, structures, and devices used in modern society. These chemicals are highly varied in molecular structure and chemistry and work by one of the following three main mechanisms: vapor‐phase combustion inhibition, endothermic cooling, or condensed‐phase char formation. The chemicals in use today fall into seven main chemical groups including halogenated, phosphorus based, mineral fillers, nitrogen based, intumescent materials, inorganic materials, and polymer nanocomposites. In this article, how flame retardants are used, how they work, and when to use them is discussed. From the article, it will be clear that flame retardants are chemicals employed to provide fire protection for specific materials in specific fire risk scenarios. Specifically, while the term “flame retardant” can cover a wide range of materials and chemicals, not all materials called flame retardants are effective in all materials and against all fire threats. Each flame retardant chemical must be tailored for its end use, and in this article, the criteria for flame retardant selection and use will be discussed in a general manner. This article serves as an overview of flame‐retardant technology from how they are used today, what chemistries are used, and what the future of this technology may be. The article is comprehensive in scope about what this chemical technology is, but cannot provide all of the essential details for proper use of these materials in end‐use fire safety applications. Still, guidance is provided in the article to help the reader to understand the breadth of the technology and where to go to learn more, or how to engage intelligently with fire safety engineers and fire safety scientists to develop fire‐safe materials.

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Molar group contributions to polymer flammability

Cited by 210 publications

References 11 publications

Combustibility of cyanate ester resins

Combustibility of cyanate ester resins

Synergistic effect of carbon nanotubes and decabromodiphenyl oxide/Sb2O3 in improving the flame retardancy of polystyrene

Flame Retardants: Overview

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