Molecular analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of subtype H5N1 isolated from wild birds and mammals in northern Germany

Weber, Siegfried; Harder, Timm C.; Starick, Elke; Beer, Martin; Werner, Ortrud; Mettenleiter, Thomas C.; Mundt, Egbert

doi:10.1099/vir.0.82300-0

Cited by 92 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In order to determine the challenge dose and route of infection for the vaccination experiments, three specificpathogen-free cats were infected via the oculo-nasopharyngeal route with 10 6 50 % egg infectious dose (EID 50 ) and two cats each with 10 4 , 10 2 and 1 EID 50 of HPAIV H5N1 A/cat/Germany/R606/2006 (Weber et al, 2007) in a volume of 1 ml each. The inoculation was performed with one drop (~100 ml) in the eyes and nostrils and the remaining volume (~600 ml) in the pharynx.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vaccinated cats were challenged oculo-nasopharyngeally with 10 6 EID 50 HPAIV A/cat/Germany/R606/2006 (Weber et al, 2007) 4 weeks after the second immunization. All five inoculated control cats showed high fever (¡41.4 u C) within 2 days p.i.…”

Section: Protection Of Cats Against Heterologous Challenge Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meanwhile, natural infection of felids has been reported from seven countries in Asia, the Middle East and Europe including China (http://www.promedmail.org; archive number 20041023.2873), Thailand (Keawcharoen et al, 2004;Thanawongnuwech et al, 2005;Songserm et al, 2006), Vietnam (http://www.promedmail.org; archive number 20050826.2527), Indonesia (http://www.promedmail. org; archive number 20070126.0347), Iraq (Yingst et al, 2006), Austria (Leschnik et al, 2007) and Germany (Klopfleisch et al, 2007;Weber et al, 2007 , attachment to type II pneumocytes and virus replication in type I and type II pneumocytes . Diseased cats excreted virus via the respiratory tract and, at relatively low titres, also via the digestive tract Rimmelzwaan et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protection of cats against lethal influenza H5N1 challenge infection

Vahlenkamp

Harder

Giese

et al. 2008

Journal of General Virology

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 of Asian origin continues to circulate in poultry and wild birds, causing considerable concern for veterinary and public health in Asia, Europe and Africa. Natural transmission of HPAIV H5N1 from poultry to humans, resulting in infections associated with high mortality, and from poultry or wild birds to large felids and domestic cats has been reported. Experimental infection of cats with HPAIV H5N1 derived from a human patient resulted in lethal disease. The role of cats in the adaptation of HPAIV H5N1 to mammals and vaccination regimens for the eventual protection of cats, however, remain to be elucidated. Here, it was shown that cats can be protected against a lethal high-dose challenge infection by an inactivated, adjuvanted heterologous H5N6 avian influenza virus vaccine. The challenge HPAIV H5N1 was derived from a naturally infected cat. In non-vaccinated cats, low-dose exposure resulted in asymptomatic infections with minimal virus excretion. As diseased cats can transmit the infection to naïve contact animals, the epidemiological role of H5N1-infected cats in endemically infected areas as a link between wild birds, poultry and humans needs close inspection, and vaccination of cats should be considered to reduce possible human exposure.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Protection Of Cats Against Heterologous Challenge Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protection of cats against lethal influenza H5N1 challenge infection

Vahlenkamp

Harder

Giese

et al. 2008

Journal of General Virology

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“…The outbreak of H5N1 in wild birds at Lake Qinghai, China in 2005 highlighted the role of wild migratory birds in global dissemination of HPAIV [15–18]. This recognition spurred investigation of AIV ecology and epidemiology at breeding and wintering sites and along the migratory flyways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Influenza A viruses at migratory bird stopover sites in Michigan, USA

Lickfett

Clark

Gehring

et al. 2018

Infection Ecology & Epidemiology

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Introduction: Influenza A viruses have the potential to cause devastating illness in humans and domestic poultry. Wild birds are the natural reservoirs of Influenza A viruses and migratory birds are implicated in their global dissemination. High concentrations of this virus are excreted in the faeces of infected birds and faecal contamination of shared aquatic habitats can lead to indirect transmission among birds via the faecal-oral route. The role of migratory birds in the spread of avian influenza has led to large-scale surveillance efforts of circulating avian influenza viruses through direct sampling of live and dead wild birds. Environmental monitoring of bird habitats using molecular detection methods may provide additional information on the persistence of influenza virus at migratory stopover sites distributed across large spatial scales. Materials and methods: In the current study, faecal and water samples were collected at migratory stopover sites and evaluated for Influenza A by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Results and Discussion: This study found that Influenza A was detected at 53% of the evaluated stopover sites, and 7% and 4.8% of the faecal and water samples, respectively, tested positive for Influenza A virus. Conclusion: Environmental monitoring detected Influenza A at stopover sites used by migratory birds.

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“…In this study, we analysed the immediate vicinity of the HA cleavage site for its contribution to viral virulence. By reverse genetics, we generated different mutants from HPAIV A/Swan/Germany/R65/06 (H5N1) (R65) (Weber et al, 2007) with a monobasic cleavage site but altered neighbouring regions, and investigated their in vitro properties and pathogenicity in chickens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino acids adjacent to the haemagglutinin cleavage site are relevant for virulence of avian influenza viruses of subtype H5

Gohrbandt

Veits

Hundt

et al. 2010

Journal of General Virology

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The prime virulence determinant of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is the polybasic haemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. However, engineering of a polybasic cleavage site into an avian influenza virus of low pathogenicity does not result in transformation into an HPAIV, indicating the importance of other adaptations. Here, the influence of amino acids adjacent to the HA cleavage site on virulence was studied. Most HPAIVs of subtype H5 carry serine or threonine at position 346 (corresponding to position 323 according to H3 numbering), whereas almost all low-pathogenic H5 viruses have valine. Moreover, all H5 low-pathogenic strains carry threonine at position 351 (corresponding to position 328 according to H3 numbering), suggesting that acquisition of a polybasic cleavage site involves several steps. This study generated a virus mutant derived from HPAIV A/Swan/Germany/R65/06 H5N1 (R65) with a monobasic cleavage site, R65 mono -S-ER, and the following additional mutants: R65 mono -V-ER with serine changed to valine at position 346, and R65 mono -S-ETR and R65 mono -V-ETR with threonine inserted at position 351. Moreover, in the R65 HA, serine was replaced with valine at position 346 (R65-V). Infection of chickens with R65 mono -S-ETR or R65 mono -S-ER led to slight transient respiratory symptoms, whereas R65-infected animals died within 2 days. However, chickens infected with R65-V survived longer than R65-infected animals, indicating that serine 346 in R65 HA contributes to virulence. These data suggest that evolution of H5 HPAIVs from low-pathogenic precursors, besides acquisition of a polybasic cleavage site, involves adaptation of neighbouring regions.

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Molecular analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of subtype H5N1 isolated from wild birds and mammals in northern Germany

Cited by 92 publications

References 17 publications

Protection of cats against lethal influenza H5N1 challenge infection

Protection of cats against lethal influenza H5N1 challenge infection

Detection of Influenza A viruses at migratory bird stopover sites in Michigan, USA

Amino acids adjacent to the haemagglutinin cleavage site are relevant for virulence of avian influenza viruses of subtype H5

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