Molecular and antigenic characterization of rabies viruses from Iran identifies variants with distinct epidemiological origins

Nadin-Davis, Susan A.; Simani, Susan; Armstrong, J.; Fayaz, Ahmad; Wandeler, Alexander I.

doi:10.1017/s095026880300863x

Cited by 48 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The Arctic-related clade included viruses sampled from dog, raccoon dog, arctic fox, red fox, striped skunk and wolf; these circulate as a number of lineages occupying a large area across the Northern hemisphere, ranging from central to eastern Asia (Russia, Nepal, the north of India, Korea) as well as Greenland and North America (Hyun et al , 2005; Kissi et al , 1995; Kuzmin et al , 2004; Mansfield et al , 2006; Park et al , 2005). This clade has also been documented in Iran and Pakistan (Nadin-Davis et al , 2003). We provide the first definitive evidence for a widely distributed Asian clade.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

The origin and phylogeography of dog rabies virus

Bourhy

Reynes

Dunham

et al. 2008

Journal of General Virology

224

222

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Rabies is a progressively fatal and incurable viral encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus infection. Almost all of the 55 000 annual rabies deaths in humans result from infection with dog rabies viruses (RABV). Despite the importance of rabies for human health, little is known about the spread of RABV in dog populations, and patterns of biodiversity have only been studied in limited geographical space. To address these questions on a global scale, we sequenced 62 new isolates and performed an extensive comparative analysis of RABV gene sequence data, representing 192 isolates sampled from 55 countries. From this, we identified six clades of RABV in non-flying mammals, each of which has a distinct geographical distribution, most likely reflecting major physical barriers to gene flow. Indeed, a detailed analysis of phylogeographic structure revealed only limited viral movement among geographical localities. Using Bayesian coalescent methods we also reveal that the sampled lineages of canid RABV derive from a common ancestor that originated within the past 1500 years. Additionally, we found no evidence for either positive selection or widespread population bottlenecks during the global expansion of canid RABV. Overall, our study reveals that the stochastic processes of genetic drift and population subdivision are the most important factors shaping the global phylogeography of canid RABV.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

The origin and phylogeography of dog rabies virus

Bourhy

Reynes

Dunham

et al. 2008

Journal of General Virology

224

222

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“…Rabies disease exists in Iran for a long time and it is endemic in the country (4). Incidence of animal bites is increasing in different parts of Iran in the recent decades (5)(6)(7)(8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Incidence of animal bites is increasing in different parts of Iran in the recent decades (5)(6)(7)(8). In addition, dogs are the main reservoir of the disease and all rabies cases reported in Iran were associated with dog bites often poorly controlled (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delay in Post-Exposure Prophylaxis and Associated Factors Among People Bitten by Animals in the Northeast of Iran, 2015

Khazaei

Rezaeian

Salehiniya

et al. 2016

Arch Clin Infect Dis

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Background: Despite the importance of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), studies conducted in Iran on PEP showed different findings and it is not well documented yet. Objectives:The current study aimed to evaluate the delayed time of PEP and associated factors in bitten people. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 397 subjects of animal bites in Khalilabad County, Northeast of Iran, from March 2012 to March 2013. The census method was employed to use the data on animal bites recorded in the rabies treatment center (RTC).Results: Overall, 93.4% of the subjects received PEP in less than 48 hours after exposure. Of the 397 subjects, 86.0% were male, 61.7% aged 0 -30 years, and 64.7% lived in rural areas. The subjects were mainly bitten by domestic dogs (79.8%), most of the subjects (91.9%) were involved with superficial wounds, and the most common sites of the animal bite were legs (48.1%) and hands (40.6%). The bite incidents happened more frequently in spring (29.2%) followed by summer (26.7%). There was only significant difference in delayed PEP with respect to the type of biting animal (x 2 = 30.8, P < 0.001). Conclusions:The rabies PEP is well monitored in the region and its delayed time depends on the type of biting animal especially domestic dogs. Considering the high proportion of stray and domestic dogs as a public health concern in the district, the educational programs and the rabies vaccinations of dogs is recommended in the community.

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“…These viruses were referred to as either the Arctic or Arctic-like RABVs [11,[15][16][17][18][19]. The most western isolation point of these viruses was described in northern Iran [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arctic and Arctic-like rabies viruses: distribution, phylogeny and evolutionary history

et al. 2007

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Forty-one newly sequenced isolates of Arctic and Arctic-like rabies viruses, were genetically compared to each other and to those available from GenBank. Four phylogenetic lineages of Arctic viruses were identified. Arctic-1 viruses circulate in Ontario, Arctic-2 viruses circulate in Siberia and Alaska, Arctic-3 viruses circulate circumpolarly, and a newly described lineage Arctic-4 circulates locally in Alaska. The oldest available isolates from Siberia (between 1950 and 1960) belong to the Arctic-2 and Arctic-3 lineages and share 98.6-99.2% N gene identity with contemporary viruses. Two lineages of Arctic-like viruses were identified in southern Asia and the Middle East (Arctic-like-1) and eastern Asia (Arctic-like-2). A time-scaled tree demonstrates that the time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of Arctic and Arctic-like viruses is dated between 1255 and 1786. Evolution of the Arctic viruses has occurred through a northerly spread. The Arctic-like-2 lineage diverged first, whereas Arctic viruses share a TMRCA with Arctic-like-1 viruses.

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Molecular and antigenic characterization of rabies viruses from Iran identifies variants with distinct epidemiological origins

Cited by 48 publications

References 18 publications

The origin and phylogeography of dog rabies virus

The origin and phylogeography of dog rabies virus

Delay in Post-Exposure Prophylaxis and Associated Factors Among People Bitten by Animals in the Northeast of Iran, 2015

Arctic and Arctic-like rabies viruses: distribution, phylogeny and evolutionary history

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