Molecular and serological survey of hepatitis E virus infection among domestic pigs in Inner Mongolia, China

Jinshan,; Jirintai,; Manglai, Dugarjavin; Takahashi, Masaharu; Nagashima, Shigeo; Okamoto, Hiroaki

doi:10.1007/s00705-010-0706-0

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In a previous study involving putative HEV G4 virulence determinants, one potential determinant is located in each of the 5ʹ-UTR and 3ʹ-UTR, 3 and 12 determinants are detected in ORF1 and ORF2, respectively, and two determinants are found in the junction [14]. Thus far, at least nine subtypes (4a–4i) of G4 HEV isolates have been identified; numerous new subgenotypes have been reported in humans and pigs [15–18]. In one of our previous surveys, at least four subgenotypes (4c, 4d, 4b, and a new subgenotype) are prevalent in Yunnan Province.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic heterogeneity of swine hepatitis E virus isolates from Yunnan province, China in 2011–2012

Shu

Duan

Song

et al. 2014

Virol J

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BackgroundHepatitis E is a disease of major public-health concern mainly in developing countries. Although molecular and sero-epidemiological investigations of HEV have been performed in many provinces in China, the epidemiological data from Yunnan Province are limited and genotypes are not be fully characterized. In this study the prevalence and characteristics of hepatitis E virus (HEV) detected in pigs from Yunnan province, China was evaluated.ResultsA total of 13 out of 187 pig fecal samples collected in 2011 revealed HEV positive results; likewise, 7 out of 69 samples collected in 2012 exhibited positive results. These findings indicated a total prevalence of 7.8% (20/256). Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analysis results revealed that nine strains were found in the samples obtained in 2011, in which 87.1% to 99.4% nucleotide sequence identity was shared among these strains; and 77.0% to 81.9%, 52.2% to 53.6%, 77.0% to 88.2% and 77.9% to 96.8% nucleotide sequence identities were shared with strains representing genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4. Five strains were detected in the samples obtained in 2012, in which 94.2% to 99.3% nucleotide sequence identity was shared among the strains, and 81.0% to 82.5%, 81.8% to 83.2%, 81.0% to 92.7% and 81.0% to 97.8% nucleotide sequence identities were shared with strains representing the genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4.ConclusionsAnalysis of fourteen detected HEV strains revealed that three of them were subtype 4d, two were subtype 4b; the nine remaining isolated strains were subtype 4 h. These results indicated that the prevalence of HEV in the swine herds of Yunnan was quite high, additional public-health concerns should focus on pork safety.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1743-422X-11-162) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic heterogeneity of swine hepatitis E virus isolates from Yunnan province, China in 2011–2012

Shu

Duan

Song

et al. 2014

Virol J

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“…In France, 31% (95% CI 24–38) of the slaughter-aged pigs in 2011 were found HEV seropositive [5]. Similarly, Jinshan et al detected 52% of sampled pigs positive for anti-HEV antibodies in Mongolia [15]. Crossan et al separately tested the presence of the different types of anti-HEV antibodies in Scotland and reported that, of 176 serum samples tested, 29% ( n = 51) were anti-HEV IgG-positive, 36.9% ( n = 65) anti-HEV IgA-positive and 29% ( n = 51) anti-HEV IgM-positive.…”

Section: Hev Prevalence In Farmed Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The risk factors for a high HEV seroprevalence were mainly related to (1) farm characteristics and (2) farming practices. The farming scale (medium-size and family-scale farms, linked to the number of pigs and sows) was identified as a risk factor related to HEV seroprevalence [15, 18, 20, 21]. It was also shown that HEV seroprevalence was significantly higher in organic farms than in conventional ones [22].…”

Section: Hev Prevalence In Farmed Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies showed that the prevalence of HEV RNA in swine faeces and serum depend on the production stage, i.e. the pig’s age (Additional file 2 [14, 15, 18, 21, 57, 66, 86–89, 91–93, 95, 96, 104, 108, 109, 113, 114, 118–120, 133, 135, 136, 140–150]). A broad shedding period from 1.5 to 5 months of age was globally reported at farm scale.…”

Section: Hev Infection Characteristics and Dynamics On Pig Farmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) within the swine reservoir to public health risk mitigation strategies: a comprehensive review

Salines

Andraud

Rose

2017

Vet Res

138

139

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of hepatitis E in humans, an emerging zoonosis mainly transmitted via food in developed countries and for which domestic pigs are recognised as the main reservoir. It therefore appears important to understand the features and drivers of HEV infection dynamics on pig farms in order to implement HEV surveillance programmes and to assess and manage public health risks. The authors have reviewed the international scientific literature on the epidemiological characteristics of HEV in swine populations. Although prevalence estimates differed greatly from one study to another, all consistently reported high variability between farms, suggesting the existence of multifactorial conditions related to infection and within-farm transmission of the virus. Longitudinal studies and experimental trials have provided estimates of epidemiological parameters governing the transmission process (e.g. age at infection, transmission parameters, shedding period duration or lag time before the onset of an immune response). Farming practices, passive immunity and co-infection with immunosuppressive agents were identified as the main factors influencing HEV infection dynamics, but further investigations are needed to clarify the different HEV infection patterns observed in pig herds as well as HEV transmission between farms. Relevant surveillance programmes and control measures from farm to fork also have to be fostered to reduce the prevalence of contaminated pork products entering the food chain.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-017-0436-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Farm‐level observational studies have highlighted husbandry practices in terms of hygiene, biosecurity and rearing conditions as pivotal factors favouring HEV spread on farms (e.g. farm size, mingling practices, origin of drinking water, presence of a hygiene lock) (Hinjoy et al, ; Jinshan, Manglai, Takahashi, Nagashima, & Okamoto, ; Li et al, ; Walachowski et al, ). Between‐farm pig movements and the contact network topology have also been found to influence the epidemiological HEV situation of farms (Salines, Andraud, & Rose, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural viral co‐infections in pig herds affect hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection dynamics and increase the risk of contaminated livers at slaughter

Salines

Dumarest

Andraud

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic pathogen, in particular genotype 3 HEV is mainly transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated pork products. This study aimed at describing HEV infection patterns in pig farms and at assessing the impact of immunomodulating co-infections namely Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2), as well as other individual factors such as piglets' immunity and litters' characteristics on HEV dynamics. A longitudinal follow-up was conducted in three farrow-to-finish farms known to be HEV infected. Overall, 360 piglets were individually monitored from birth to slaughter with regular blood and faecal sampling as well as blood and liver samples collected at slaughterhouse. Virological and serological analyses were performed to detect HEV, PCV2 and PRRSV genome and antibodies. The links between 12 explanatory variables and four outcomes describing HEV dynamics were assessed using cox-proportional hazard models and logistic regression. HEV infection dynamics was found highly variable between farms and in a lower magnitude between batches. HEV positive livers were more likely related to short time-intervals between HEV infection and slaughter time (<40 days, OR = 4.1 [3.7-4.5]). In addition to an influence of piglets' sex and sows' parity, the sequence of co-infections was strongly associated with different HEV dynamics: a PRRSV or PCV2/PRRSV pre-or co-infection was associated with a higher age at HEV shedding (Hazard Ratio = 0.3 [0.2-0.5]), as well as a higher age at HEV seroconversion (HR = 0.5 [0.3-0.9] and HR = 0.4 [0.2-0.7] respectively). A PCV2/PRRSV pre-or co-infection was associated with a longer duration of shedding (HR = 0.5 [0.3-0.8]). Consequently, a PRRSV or PCV2/PRRSV pre-or co-infection was strongly associated with a higher risk of having positive livers at slaughter (OR = 4.1 [1.9-8.9] and OR = 6.5 [3.2-13.2] respectively). In conclusion, co-infections with immunomodulating viruses were found to affect HEV dynamics in the farrow-to-finish pig farms that were followed in this study. K E Y W O R D S hepatitis E virus, infection dynamics, PCV2, PRRSV, public health, risk factors | 1931 SALINES Et AL.

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Molecular and serological survey of hepatitis E virus infection among domestic pigs in Inner Mongolia, China

Cited by 15 publications

References 49 publications

Genetic heterogeneity of swine hepatitis E virus isolates from Yunnan province, China in 2011–2012

Genetic heterogeneity of swine hepatitis E virus isolates from Yunnan province, China in 2011–2012

From the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) within the swine reservoir to public health risk mitigation strategies: a comprehensive review

Natural viral co‐infections in pig herds affect hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection dynamics and increase the risk of contaminated livers at slaughter

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