Molecular Biology of Somatostatin Receptors

Bell, Graeme I.; Yasuda, Kazuki; Kong, Hyesik; Law, Susan F.; Raynor, K.; Reisine, Terry

doi:10.1002/9780470514733.ch5

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Its functions are broadly antisecretory. SRIF inhibits release of other hormones such as gastrin, CCK, secretin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and OXM, it inhibits gastric acid production, prolongs gastric emptying, reduces intestinal motility and decreases splanchnic blood flow, and it inhibits release of insulin, glucagon and release of exocrine pancreatic secretions (Reichlin 1983;Bell et al 1995).…”

Section: Somatostatinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal hormones regulating appetite

Chaudhri

Small

Bloom

2006

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

290

212

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The role of gastrointestinal hormones in the regulation of appetite is reviewed. The gastrointestinal tract is the largest endocrine organ in the body. Gut hormones function to optimize the process of digestion and absorption of nutrients by the gut. In this capacity, their local effects on gastrointestinal motility and secretion have been well characterized. By altering the rate at which nutrients are delivered to compartments of the alimentary canal, the control of food intake arguably constitutes another point at which intervention may promote efficient digestion and nutrient uptake. In recent decades, gut hormones have come to occupy a central place in the complex neuroendocrine interactions that underlie the regulation of energy balance. Many gut peptides have been shown to influence energy intake. The most well studied in this regard are cholecystokinin (CCK), pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin and ghrelin. With the exception of ghrelin, these hormones act to increase satiety and decrease food intake. The mechanisms by which gut hormones modify feeding are the subject of ongoing investigation. Local effects such as the inhibition of gastric emptying might contribute to the decrease in energy intake. Activation of mechanoreceptors as a result of gastric distension may inhibit further food intake via neural reflex arcs. Circulating gut hormones have also been shown to act directly on neurons in hypothalamic and brainstem centres of appetite control. The median eminence and area postrema are characterized by a deficiency of the blood-brain barrier. Some investigators argue that this renders neighbouring structures, such as the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the nucleus of the tractus solitarius in the brainstem, susceptible to influence by circulating factors. Extensive reciprocal connections exist between these areas and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and other energy-regulating centres of the central nervous system. In this way, hormonal signals from the gut may be translated into the subjective sensation of satiety. Moreover, the importance of the brain-gut axis in the control of food intake is reflected in the dual role exhibited by many gut peptides as both hormones and neurotransmitters. Peptides such as CCK and GLP-1 are expressed in neurons projecting both into and out of areas of the central nervous system critical to energy balance. The global increase in the incidence of obesity and the associated burden of morbidity has imparted greater urgency to understanding the processes of appetite control. Appetite regulation offers an integrated model of a brain-gut axis comprising both endocrine and neurological systems. As physiological mediators of satiety, gut hormones offer an attractive therapeutic target in the treatment of obesity.

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Section: Somatostatinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal hormones regulating appetite

Chaudhri

Small

Bloom

2006

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

290

212

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“…The frontoparietal cortex contains high levels of SRIF receptors (Srikant et al, 1981;Epelbaum et al, 1982). Five SRIF receptors have been cloned to date (Bell and Reisine, 1993), which are all coupled to AC via the guanine nucleotide-binding inhibitory protein Gi (Sakamoto et al, 1988;Schettini et al, 1989).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of single and continuous administration of amyloid β-peptide (25–35) on adenylyl cyclase activity and the somatostatinergic system in the rat frontal and parietal cortex

et al. 2005

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“…The present study extends our knowledge of the efficacy of NTX treatment by showing that it varies between sexes and different time points of abstinence. This could explain some of the contradictory findings that described the effects or lack of effects of NTX in some cases (Kakidani et al, 1982;Bell and Reisine, 1993). The present study has important implications because it points toward individual differences in the endogenous opioid system that should be considered when developing new pharmacotherapies to treat AUD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Exploring sex differences in the prevention of ethanol drinking by naltrexone in dependent rats during abstinence

Matzeu

Terenius

Martin‐Fardon³

2018

Preprint

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BackgroundDespite considerable efforts, few drugs are available for the treatment of alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) use disorders (AUDs). Ethanol directly or indirectly modulates several aspects of the central nervous system, including neurotransmitter/neuromodulator systems. Relapse vulnerability is a challenge for the treatment of EtOH addiction. Ethanol withdrawal symptoms create motivational states that lead to compulsive EtOH drinking and relapse even after long periods of abstinence.Among the therapeutics to treat AUDs, naltrexone (NTX) is a pharmacological treatment for relapse. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effect of NTX on EtOH drinking in EtOH-dependent male and female rats during abstinence. MethodsWistar rats (males and females) were first trained to orally self-administer 10% EtOH. Half of them were then made dependent by chronic intermittent EtOH (CIE) vapor exposure, and the other half were exposed to air. Using this model, rats exhibit somatic and motivational signs of withdrawal.At the end of EtOH vapor (or air) exposure, the rats were tested for the effects of NTX (10 mg/kg, p.o.) on EtOH self-administration at three abstinence time points: acute abstinence (8 h, A-Abst), late abstinence (2 weeks, L-Abst), and protracted abstinence (6 weeks, P-Abst). ResultsNTX decreased EtOH intake in nondependent rats, regardless of sex and abstinence time point.In post-dependent rats, the effects of NTX improved with a longer abstinence time (i.e., L-Abst and P-Abst) in males, whereas it similarly reduced EtOH drinking in females at all abstinence points. ConclusionsThe data suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of NTX depends on the time of intervention during abstinence and sex. The data further suggest that EtOH dependence induces different neuroadaptations in male and female rats, reflected by differential effects of NTX. The results underscore the significance of considering the duration of EtOH abstinence and sex for the development of pharmacotherapeutic treatments for AUD.

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Molecular Biology of Somatostatin Receptors

Cited by 25 publications

References 67 publications

Gastrointestinal hormones regulating appetite

Gastrointestinal hormones regulating appetite

Effects of single and continuous administration of amyloid β-peptide (25–35) on adenylyl cyclase activity and the somatostatinergic system in the rat frontal and parietal cortex

Exploring sex differences in the prevention of ethanol drinking by naltrexone in dependent rats during abstinence

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