Molecular Characterisation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses from Pakistan, 2005-2008

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is endemic in Pakistan where three virus serotypes are present (O, A and Asia 1). Fifty-eight clinical samples collected between 2005 and 2008 from animals with suspected FMD in various locations in Pakistan were subjected to virus isolation on primary cell culture, antigen ELISA and real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). Viruses were isolated from 32 of these samples and identified as FMDV type O (n = 31) or type A (n = 1). Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome was detected in a further 11 samples by real-time RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analyses of the VP1 nucleotide sequences showed that all of the type O viruses belonged to the MIDDLE EAST-SOUTH ASIA topotype with the majority belonging to the PanAsia-2 lineage; a single example of the older PanAsia lineage was identified. The single FMDV type A virus belonged to the ASIA topotype, but did not cluster with known strains that are currently circulating (such as Iran-05) and was not closely related to other type A viruses from the region. These findings demonstrate the widespread distribution of O-PanAsia-2 in Pakistan and the presence of undisclosed novel type A lineages in the region.

Detection and Seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease in Sheep and Goats in Punjab, Pakistan

“…However, the sequences showed maximum homology to FMD‐type O isolates, which is in accordance with results of Waheed et al. () who detected 31 samples as FMD‐type O of 32 samples.…”

Emergency Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccines A Malaysia 97 and A22 Iraq 64 Offer Good Protection against Heterologous Challenge with A Variant Serotype A ASIA/G-IX/SEA-97 Lineage Virus

“…Genetically serotype A viruses have been classified under three major geographically restricted genotypes namely, Euro-SA, Asia and Africa [3] and several genetically distinguishable subgroups [4,5]. In Asia, lineages such as A-Iran87, A-Iran96, A-Iran99 and A-Iran05 have emerged over time and currently a newly emerged genotype, A/Asia/GVII is predominant [6]. However, in Southeast Asia (SEA), since the emergence of the A/ASIA/G-IX/SEA-97 lineage in 1997, there has been little diversity in serotype A viruses, though occasional variants within the lineage have been reported [3,7].…”

Evidence for multiple recombination events within foot‐and‐mouth disease viruses circulating in West Eurasia

“…Previous phylogenetic studies on FMDVs circulating in the West Eurasian region have largely focused on genome regions encoding the structural proteins, which determine the virus serotype (Brito et al, ; Jamal et al, ; Knowles et al, ; Waheed et al, ). In contrast, the present study has compared near‐complete genome sequences of FMDVs representative of the three serotypes that each circulate in this region and this analysis has provided evidence for multiple inter‐serotypic recombination events.…”