Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in pre-weaned calves in Western Australia and New South Wales

Ng, Josephine; Yang, Rongchang; McCarthy, Suzie; Gordon, Cameron; Hijjawi, Nawal; Ryan, Una

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.056

Cited by 71 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Pig genotype II and C. andersoni were not identified in the cattle in the present study. The prevalence of C. parvum was higher than a recent previous study in NSW, which reported a prevalence of 42% for C. parvum amongst typed species in preweaned cattle (Ng et al, 2011). There also appears to be geographical differences in the prevalence of C. parvum in calves in Australia with lower C. parvum rates in WA compared to Eastern states.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

“…This is much higher than reports from previous studies, one of which reported a prevalence of 17.6% (95% CI: 13.0, 22.9) in pre-weaned calves from 5 farms in WA and a prevalence of 39.1% (95% CI: 23.7, 41.1) in a NSW farm (Ng et al, 2011). Another study reported that the total prevalence of Cryptosporidium in calves from 84 dairy and dairy beef properties across Australia was 58.5% (95% CI: 54.4, 62.4) (Izzo et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

“…Another study reported that the total prevalence of Cryptosporidium in calves from 84 dairy and dairy beef properties across Australia was 58.5% (95% CI: 54.4, 62.4) (Izzo et al, 2011). In the present study, all the calves were < 2 months old whereas in the previous study in NSW and WA, the age of the calves ranged from 1 week to 4 months old (Ng et al, 2011). A study in the US reported that the highest prevalence of infection occurs in calves <8 weeks of age (45.8%), followed by post-weaned calves (3-12 months of age) (18.5%) and heifers (12-24 months of age) (2.2%) (Santin et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

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Evidence of Cryptosporidium transmission between cattle and humans in northern New South Wales

Ng¹,

Eastwood²,

Walker³

et al. 2012

Experimental Parasitology

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Cryptosporidium is an enteric parasite of public health significance that causes diarrhoeal illness through faecal oral contamination and via water. Zoonotic transmission is difficult to determine as most species of Cryptosporidium are morphologically identical and can only be differentiated by molecular means. Transmission dynamics of Cryptosporidium in rural populations were investigated through the collection of 196 faecal samples from diarrheic (scouring) calves on 20 farms and 63 faecal samples from humans on 14 of these farms. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium in cattle and humans by PCR and sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA was 73.5% (144/196) and 23.8%(15/63) respectively. Three species were identified in cattle; C. parvum, C. bovis and C. ryanae, and from humans, C. parvum and C. bovis. This is only the second report of C. bovis in humans. Subtype analysis at the gp60 locus identified C. parvum subtype IIaA18G3R1 as the most common subtype in calves. Of the seven human C. parvum isolates successfully subtyped, 5 were IIaA18G3R1, one was IIdA18G2 and one isolate had a mix of IIaA18G3R1 and IIdA19G2. These findingssuggest that zoonotic transmission may have occurred but more studies involving extensive sampling of both calves and farm workers are needed for a better understanding of the sources of Cryptosporidium infections in humans from rural areas of Australia.Key Words: Cryptosporidium; calves; outbreak; humans; genotyping; 18S rRNA; gp60; zoonotic transmission. 3 IntroductionCryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that causes self-limiting diarrhoea in immunocompetent individuals but may be chronic and life-threatening to those that are immunocompromised (Hunter and Nichols, 2002). Humans can acquire Cryptosporidium infections through various transmission routes, such as direct contact with infected persons (person-to-person transmission) or animals (zoonotic transmission) and ingestion of contaminated food (foodborne transmission) and water (waterborne transmission) (Xiao, 2010). The relative importance of the different transmission routes is still unclear as most species of Cryptosporidium are morphologically identical and cannot be differentiated through routine diagnostics in pathology laboratories (which rely on microscopy and rarely perform genotyping). Molecular characterization tools such as PCR and sequence analysis of the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and the hypervariable 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene, are required to identify species and track transmission (Xiao, 2010;Ng et al., 2008;Ng et al., 2010aNg et al., , 2010b.Of the 23 valid species, C. hominis and C. parvum are responsible for the majority of infections in humans (Xiao, 2010;Ng et al., 2010a). Cryptosporidium hominis is predominately found in humans, whereas C. parvum can be zoonotic in origin. Cattle are considered one of the main reservoir hosts for C. parvum. However, studies worldwide suggest that cattle are infected with at least five Cryptosporidium parasites: C. parvum, C. bovis, C. andersoni, C. ryanae...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

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Evidence of Cryptosporidium transmission between cattle and humans in northern New South Wales

Ng¹,

Eastwood²,

Walker³

et al. 2012

Experimental Parasitology

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“…and IIaA21G2R1 in livestock in WA, although these subtypes have been identified from cattle in New South Wales (NSW) . These and the other C. parvum IIa subtypes identified in the present study, particularly the IIaA18G3R1 subtype, are common C. parvum subtypes identified in humans and cattle in Australia (Jex et al, 2007;O'Brien et al, 2008;Waldron et al, 2009;Ng et al, 2011;Ng et al, 2012). In the present study, the C. parvum IIdA15G1 subtype was identified in one case, which has been reported in buffalo from the Northern Territory (Zahedi et al, 2016a).…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptsupporting

confidence: 68%

Differences in the occurrence and epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in Western Australia (2002 − 2012)

Ng-Hublin

Combs

Reid

et al. 2017

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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“…to be 9%. Researchers worldwide have described a prevalence for this parasite in cattle that ranges from 3% to 64% (16 (16)(17)(18). Besides the presence of diarrhea in the majority of infected animals, more research is necessary to prove the real damage caused by this parasite in animals (19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

First report of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in calves from northeastern Brazil

Feitosa¹,

Vilela²,

Athayde³

2013

Turk J Vet Anim Sci

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A number of benzimidazole derivatives (1-8) were synthesized and the catalytic activity of these compounds in a catalytic system including Pd(OAc) 2 and K 2 CO 3 in DMF-H 2 O was evaluated in Heck-Mizoroki and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of aryl iodides, bromides, and chlorides with styrene and arylboronic acids under microwave irradiation and aerobic conditions. The yields of both the Heck-Mizoroki and the Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reactions with aryl iodides and aryl bromides were nearly quantitative.The synthesized 1-substituted benzimidazole (1) and benzimidazole salts (2-8) were identified by 1 Hand 13 C-NMR and IR spectroscopic methods, and micro analysis. The molecular structure of 7 was also determined by X-ray crystallography.

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Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in pre-weaned calves in Western Australia and New South Wales

Cited by 71 publications

References 59 publications

Evidence of Cryptosporidium transmission between cattle and humans in northern New South Wales

Evidence of Cryptosporidium transmission between cattle and humans in northern New South Wales

Differences in the occurrence and epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in Western Australia (2002 − 2012)

First report of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in calves from northeastern Brazil

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