Molecular Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type C of Indian Origin

Singanallur, Nagendrakumar Balasubramanian; Reddy, G. S.; Chandran, Dev; Thiagarajan, D.; Rangarajan, Pundi N.; Srinivasan, V.A.

doi:10.1128/jcm.43.2.966-969.2005

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…However, the low level of sequence divergence observed in this study is comparable to that observed in C 1 subtype strains from Europe, which showed very little change from 1953 to 1989 [4]. The absence of significant sequence divergence in type C strains has also been reported in India [25]. The apparently static evolution in the European subtype C 1 strains was attributed to multiple re-introductions of vaccine strains into the field through laboratory escapes or improperly inactivated vaccines.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Low diversity of foot-and-mouth disease serotype C virus in Kenya: evidence for probable vaccine strain re-introductions in the field

Sangula

Siegismund²,

Belsham

et al. 2010

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYMost viruses are maintained by complex processes of evolution that enable them to survive but also complicate efforts to achieve their control. In this paper, we study patterns of evolution in foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) serotype C virus isolates from Kenya, one of the few places in the world where serotype C has been endemic and is suspected to remain. The nucleotide sequences encoding the capsid protein VP1 from eight isolates collected between 1967 and 2004 were analysed for patterns of sequence divergence and evolution. Very low nucleotide diversity (π=0·0025) and remarkably little change (only five segregating sites and three amino-acid changes) were observed in these isolates collected over a period of almost 40 years. We interpret these results as being suggestive of re-introductions of the vaccine strain into the field. The implications of these results for the maintenance of serotype C FMD virus and the use of vaccination as a control measure in Kenya are discussed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Low diversity of foot-and-mouth disease serotype C virus in Kenya: evidence for probable vaccine strain re-introductions in the field

Sangula

Siegismund²,

Belsham

et al. 2010

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…In the region, other subtypes circulated; in India, not only serotype O (Mason et al., 2003; Saeed et al., 2009) but also serotype C (Nagendrakumar et al., 2005) and serotype A (Nagendrakumar et al., 2009) have been isolated with both O and A isolated frequently and recently. Serotype Asia 1 has also been identified in India (Valarcher et al., 2009).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: Implications for Disease Control in Bangladesh

Loth¹,

Osmani²,

Kalam³

et al. 2011

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Bangladesh, and to implement an effective FMD control programme, it is essential to understand the complex epidemiology of the disease. Here, we report on the characterization of FMD virus (FMDV) recovered from FMD outbreaks in Bangladesh in late 2009. All isolated viruses belonged to the FMDV serotype O. The phylogenetic reconstruction showed that all isolates belonged to the Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA) topotype, but fell into two distinct sublineages, one named Ind-2001 (the other has not been named). Within both sublineages, the 2009 Bangladesh isolates were most closely related to viruses from Nepal collected during 2008 and 2009. Additionally, both sublineages contained older viruses from India collected in 2000 and 2001. In South Asia, there is extensive cross-border cattle movement from Nepal and India to Bangladesh. Both these findings have implications for the control of FMD in Bangladesh. Because of the porous borders, a regional FMD control strategy should be developed. Further, animal identification and monitoring animal movements are necessary to identify the cross-border movements and market chain interactions of ruminants, leading to improved border and movement controls. Additionally, a vaccination strategy should be developed with the initial objective of protecting small-scale dairy herds from disease. For any successful FMD control programme, long-term Government commitment and adequate resources are necessary. A sustainable programme will also need farmer education, commitment and financial contributions.

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“…Because of very long borders (with lengths that are unfenced), animals may move between these countries without restriction, leading to the uncontrolled spread of FMDV. Considerable work regarding the molecular epidemiology of FMDV in southern Asia has already been published (Hemadri et al., 2002; Tosh et al., 2002; Knowles and Samuel, 2003; Knowles et al., 2005, 2009; Nagendrakumar et al., 2005; Klein et al., 2007, 2008; Mohapatra et al., 2008; Rana and Bagchi, 2008; Schumann et al., 2008; Valarcher et al., 2009). However, there is an ongoing need to determine the identity of circulating FMDV strains in the region to ascertain their origin(s).…”

Section: Results Of Fmdv Identification In the 58 Samples Examinedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterisation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses from Pakistan, 2005-2008

Waheed

Parida

Khan

et al. 2010

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is endemic in Pakistan where three virus serotypes are present (O, A and Asia 1). Fifty-eight clinical samples collected between 2005 and 2008 from animals with suspected FMD in various locations in Pakistan were subjected to virus isolation on primary cell culture, antigen ELISA and real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). Viruses were isolated from 32 of these samples and identified as FMDV type O (n = 31) or type A (n = 1). Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome was detected in a further 11 samples by real-time RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analyses of the VP1 nucleotide sequences showed that all of the type O viruses belonged to the MIDDLE EAST-SOUTH ASIA topotype with the majority belonging to the PanAsia-2 lineage; a single example of the older PanAsia lineage was identified. The single FMDV type A virus belonged to the ASIA topotype, but did not cluster with known strains that are currently circulating (such as Iran-05) and was not closely related to other type A viruses from the region. These findings demonstrate the widespread distribution of O-PanAsia-2 in Pakistan and the presence of undisclosed novel type A lineages in the region.

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Molecular Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type C of Indian Origin

Cited by 6 publications

References 4 publications

Low diversity of foot-and-mouth disease serotype C virus in Kenya: evidence for probable vaccine strain re-introductions in the field

Low diversity of foot-and-mouth disease serotype C virus in Kenya: evidence for probable vaccine strain re-introductions in the field

Molecular Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: Implications for Disease Control in Bangladesh

Molecular Characterisation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses from Pakistan, 2005-2008

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