Molecular Characterization of
 Anaplasma phagocytophilum
 and
 Borrelia burgdorferi
 in
 Ixodes scapularis
 Ticks from Pennsylvania

Courtney, Joshua W.; Dryden, Richard L.; Montgomery, Jill; Schneider, Bradley S.; Smith, Gary; Massung, Robert F.

doi:10.1128/jcm.41.4.1569-1573.2003

Cited by 63 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Although other tick species or genera such as Dermacentor spp. have been seldom shown to harbor A. phagocytophilum, their role as a vector has not been demonstrated [32].…”

Section: Natural History Of Anaplasma Phagocytophilummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the dynamics of transmission to mammals have not been completely elucidated [95]. Coinfection of ticks with both A. phagocytophilum and other agents transmitted by the same tick species, such as Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease are also regularly reported [32], both in the USA and Europe.…”

Section: Natural History Of Anaplasma Phagocytophilummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tick- and flea-borne rickettsial emerging zoonoses

2005

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- Between 1984 and2004, nine more species or subspecies of spotted fever rickettsiae were identified as emerging agents of tick-borne rickettsioses throughout the world. Six of these species had first been isolated from ticks and later found to be pathogenic to humans. The most recent example is Rickettsia parkeri, recognized as a human pathogen more than 60 years after its initial isolation from ticks. A new spotted fever rickettsia, R. felis was also found to be associated with fleas and to be a human pathogen. Similarly, bacteria within the family Anaplasmataceae have been considered to be of veterinary importance only, yet three species have been implicated in human diseases in recent years, including Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human anaplasmosis (formerly known as "human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent", E. equi and E. phagocytophila), and finally Ehrlichia ewingii, which causes granulocytic ehrlichiosis in humans. We present here an overview of the various tick-and flea-borne rickettsial zoonoses described in the last 20 years, focusing on the ecological, epidemiological and clinical aspects.

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“…Although other tick species or genera such as Dermacentor spp. have been seldom shown to harbor A. phagocytophilum, their role as a vector has not been demonstrated [32].…”

Section: Natural History Of Anaplasma Phagocytophilummentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Natural History Of Anaplasma Phagocytophilummentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick- and flea-borne rickettsial emerging zoonoses

2005

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“…28 In northwestern Pennsylvania, all A. phagocytophilum-positive ticks harbored A. phagocytophilum-ha, whereas in southeastern Pennsylvania, most ticks infected with A. phagocytophilum had strain A. phagocytophilum-v1. 43 A survey of a suite of tick-borne pathogens in four states (Pennsylvania, Maine, Wisconsin, and Indiana) found A. phagocytophilum in a total of 36 adult ticks. 44 Of the total pool of A. phagocytophilum-infected ticks from four states, 35 ticks were infected with A. phagocytophilum-ha, and only 1 tick was infected with A. phagocytophilum-v1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Human-Active and Variant 1 Strains of the Tick-Borne Pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Hosts and Forests of Eastern North America

Keesing¹,

McHenry²,

Hersh³

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Anaplasmosis is an emerging infectious disease caused by infection with the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum. In the eastern United States, A. phagocytophilum is transmitted to hosts through the bite of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis. We determined the realized reservoir competence of 14 species of common vertebrate hosts for ticks by establishing the probability that each species transmits two important strains of A. phagocytophilum (A. phagocytophilum human-active, which causes human cases, and A. phagocytophilum variant 1, which does not) to feeding larval ticks. We also sampled questing nymphal ticks from~150 sites in a single county over 2 years and sampled over 6 years at one location. White-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) and Eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) were the most competent reservoirs for infection with the A. phagocytophilum human-active strain. Across the county, prevalence in ticks for both strains together was 8.3%; ticks were more than two times as likely to be infected with A. phagocytophilum human-active as A. phagocytophilum variant 1.

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“…Amplification was performed as follows: 3 min at 98°C (one cycle) followed by 40 cycles for 5 sec at 98°C, 5 sec at 55°C, 90 sec at 72°C. A. phagocytophilum was not further differentiated between the human pathogenic (APHa) and the nonpathogenic (AP-variant 1) strains [12].…”

Section: Dna Extraction and Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysesmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Because of human population density and proximity to the heavily populated areas of the northeastern U.S., there is a continuing misconception that Lyme disease cases are on the rise only in northeast Pennsylvania [12]. But over the past decade, many counties in western Pennsylvania have experienced an increase in incidence of Lyme Borreliosis in human adults and children [11] which is corroborated by the latest CDC finding that "The center of the high-incidence focus in the northeastern United States generally moved westward and northward, away from the coast of northern New Jersey and into east-central Pennsylvania" [13].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult Ixodes scapularis Ticks in a Lyme Disease Hot Spot are Vectors for Emerging Pathogens

Irani¹

2016

SOJMID

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Molecular Characterization of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes scapularis Ticks from Pennsylvania

Cited by 63 publications

References 26 publications

Tick- and flea-borne rickettsial emerging zoonoses

Tick- and flea-borne rickettsial emerging zoonoses

Prevalence of Human-Active and Variant 1 Strains of the Tick-Borne Pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Hosts and Forests of Eastern North America

Adult Ixodes scapularis Ticks in a Lyme Disease Hot Spot are Vectors for Emerging Pathogens

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