Molecular Characterization of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Viruses Isolated from Turkeys and Pathogenicity of a Human pH1N1 Isolate in Turkeys

Mapping of the influenza A hemagglutinin serotypes evolution by the ISSCOR method.

“…However, it is interesting that for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strains, isolated from avian hosts, there was most probably a reversal of influenza infectivity chain -although it is usually considered that the avian hosts viruses form a primeval reservoir of infections; and the process of the propagation follows from avian, through mammals (mostly porcine) to human hosts. Such a conclusion, stemming purely just from the analyses of the maps here, was subsequently confirmed by the search in original literature: there are only four such isolates present in the NCBI database to date (accessions: HM370960, HM370967, HM370975, HM450134) -all quite late, isolated in Canada from turkeys [34] between Oct. and Dec. 2009. These sequences group on the map together with the cluster of the isolates from human and swine hosts (the left column on Fig.…”

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza A virus infection associated with respiratory signs in sloth bears (Melursus ursinus)

“…The time-scaled maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree (Figure 1 (Table 1). Cases were reported primarily among captive animals with high contact rates with humans, including pets (e.g., cats, dogs, ferrets; Lin et al, 2012;Lin, Wang, Wu, Chi, & Wang, 2014;Song et al, 2012;Sponseller et al, 2010), poultry (e.g., turkeys; Berhane et al, 2010;Mathieu et al, 2010), and wild animals maintained in captivity (e.g., cheetahs, giant pandas; Figure 1, Table 1). The pH1N1 virus also was isolated from wild elephant seals in California (…”

“…During this time, reverse zoonosis of pH1N1 occurred in North America, South America, Asia, and Europe (Table ). Cases were reported primarily among captive animals with high contact rates with humans, including pets (e.g., cats, dogs, ferrets; Lin et al., ; Lin, Wang, Wu, Chi, & Wang, ; Song et al., ; Sponseller et al., ), poultry (e.g., turkeys; Berhane et al., ; Mathieu et al., ), and wild animals maintained in captivity (e.g., cheetahs, giant pandas; Figure , Table ). The pH1N1 virus also was isolated from wild elephant seals in California (Goldstein et al., ) and from cats maintained in a colony in Italy with little human contact (Fiorentini et al., ).…”

Reoccurrence of Suspected Human-to-Turkey Transmission of H1N1 Pandemic 2009 Virus in Turkey Breeder Flocks in Ontario and Manitoba, 2016

“…Initial experimental infection studies involving turkeys yielded conflicting results (Russell et al., ; Swayne et al., ; Terregino et al., ; Pantin‐Jackwood et al., ;). However, by July and October of 2009, natural outbreaks involving breeding turkeys were reported in Valparaiso, Chile (Mathieu et al., ) and Ontario, Canada (Berhane et al., ), respectively. This was followed by reports of outbreaks in the USA and the United Kingdom in 2010 (Pasick et al., ; Reid et al., ).…”

“…Although pig farms were also in the vicinity of the infected turkey farms, no communal links were evident. It has been suggested that turkey breeder hens may become infected with influenza virus acquired from humans during the artificial insemination process (Berhane et al., ; Pedroni et al., ; Evans et al., ). Experimental infection studies have shown that the virus localizes in the reproductive tract, with limited dissemination to other tissues (Pantin‐Jackwood et al., ); however, in the current and previous field cases, virus was isolated from oropharyngeal swab specimens and virus nucleic acid was also detected, albeit at very low levels, in the water line samples collected from the Manitoba farm.…”