Molecular characterization of Plasmodium vivax clinical isolates in Pakistan and Iran using pvmsp-1, pvmsp-3α and pvcsp genes as molecular markers

Zakeri, Sedigheh; Ahmad, Rasheed; Afsharpad, Mandana; Kakar, Qutbuddin; Ghasemi, Faezeh; Atta, Hoda; Zamani, Ghasem; Memon, Muhammad Suleiman; Salehi, Masoud; Djadid, Navid Dinparast

doi:10.1016/j.parint.2009.06.006

Cited by 58 publications

(73 citation statements)

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Section: Memmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…1). Sequence analysis has confirmed that blocks 1, 3 and 5 in PvMSP-1 are conserved at the protein level, while blocks 2, 4 and 6 are highly variable (Kolakovich et al 1996, Figtree et al 2000, Hoffmann et al 2003, Bastos et al 2007, Farooq et al 2009, Kim et al 2009, Veron et al 2009, Zakeri et al 2010.The extensive sequence divergence in variable domains of PvMSP-1 (amino acid similarity, 21-34%) has been maintained by balanced selection, most likely as a result of variant-specific immune pressure (Putaporntip et al 2006). However, the extent to which PvMSP-1 sequence diversity affects immune recognition for this major malaria-vaccine candidate antigen remains uncertain.…”

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Molecular markers and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax

Brito

Ferreira

2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Enhanced understanding of the transmission dynamics and population genetics for Key words: malaria -Plasmodium vivax -genetic markers -genetic diversity -multiple-clone infections -microsatellitesMarkers and genetic diversity of P. vivax • Cristiana Ferreira Alves de Brito, Marcelo Urbano Ferreira 13 tual heterozygosity (H E ) values. Virtual H E is the average probability that a pair of alleles randomly obtained from the population is different. Whenever appropriate, in this review we provide H E estimates obtained using different markers for different populations.Molecular markers under selection -Until recently, most genetic markers available for characterising natural P. vivax populations were orthologues of previously identified P. falciparum antigen-coding genes. The wellcharacterised polymorphic regions in these genes have been extensively used to analyse genetic diversity patterns in P. falciparum (Roy et al. 2008). A similar approach has been explored in vivax-oriented studies (Cui et al. 2003a). The following single-copy genes in P. vivax have often been used in these studies: gam1, coding for the gametocyte antigen 1, csp, coding for the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), msp1 and msp3alpha, coding for the merozoite surface proteins (MSP)-1 and 3α, respectively, ama1, coding for the apical membrane antigen 1, and dbp, coding for the Duffy binding protein (DBP) ( Table I).A notable feature of several P. vivax surface antigens (including major vaccine-candidate molecules) is tandem arrays of relatively short amino acid motifs. The CSP in P. vivax (PvCSP), an abundant antigen on the surface of sporozoites that has been extensively used as a vaccine development target, has immunodominant B-cell epitopes that map to central repeats between nonrepetitive sequences (Nardin & Zavala 1998). PvCSP displays two major types of nonapeptide repeats [most commonly GDRA(D/A)GQPA and ANGA(G/D)(N/D)QPG], which define the variants known as VK210 and VK247, respectively (Arnot et al. 1985, Rosenberg et al. 1989 (Fig. 1). Both VK210 and VK247 variants are globally distributed, but geographic biases have been described (Cochrane et al. 1990, Qari et al. 1993a. Similar repetitive sequences are found in Brazil, Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea (Qari et al. 1991(Qari et al. , 1992. However, markedly divergent sequence variants were found in isolates from China and North Korea (Mann et al. 1994). Although VK210 and VK247-type sequences often occur in sympatric parasite populations, there are no examples of a hybrid repeat array with both repeat types (Lim et al. 2005).A third type of repeat unit [APGANQ(E/G)GAA], identical to that described for Plasmodium simiovale, characterises the so-called P. vivax-like parasites (Qari et al. 1993a). Although P. vivax-like CSP repeats have been found in parasite isolates across the world, its global distribution remains unconfirmed (Gopinath et al. 1994). In Brazil, P. vivax-like parasites have been identified only in mixed-clone infections with VK210-type or VK247-type parasites (Machado...

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Section: Memmentioning

confidence: 94%

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confidence: 94%

Molecular markers and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax

Brito

Ferreira

2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…The highest burden of vivax malaria was reported from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, illustrating the need for greater programmatic and health system strengthening in these regions [4]. Due to poor quality microscopy practices, mixed infections are rarely diagnosed and reported, as confirmed by a recent study carried out in the bordering regions of Afghanistan, Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan [15].…”

Section: S58mentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria control in Pakistan: new tools at hand but challenging epidemiological realities

Kakar

Ma²,

Bile³

2010

East Mediterr Health J

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Malaria is endemic in Pakistan and constitutes a national health priority However the parasite and vectors are showing resistance to common antimalarial drugs and insecticides. The provinces of Balochistan, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas have the highest malaria burden. Districts and agencies bordering Afghanistan and Islamic Republic of Iran account for 37% of the malaria burden with an annual parasite incidence (API) exceeding 4.5/1000 population per year. Moreover, there has been a growing risk of Plasmodium falciparum malaria incidence in areas where previously P. vivax was predominant. New and effective control tools have been introduced such as rapid diagnostic tests, artemisinin-based combination therapy and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets. This paper reports the progress achieved in the implementation of a malaria control strategy in Pakistan, shares major outstanding challenges and unearths the potential of performance-based implementation for advancing resource mobilization and collaborative partnerships. Lutte contre le paludisme au Pakistan : disponibilité de nouveaux outils et difficultés des réalités épidémiologiques RÉSUMÉ Le paludisme, endémique au Pakistan, constitue une priorité sanitaire nationale. Cependant, les vecteurs et le parasite se montrent résistants aux insecticides et aux médicaments antipaludiques habituels. Les provinces du Baloutchistan, du Sindh et du Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, ainsi que les zones tribales sous administration fédérale sont les plus touchées par le paludisme. Les districts et agences à la frontière de l'Afghanistan et de la République islamique d'Iran participent à hauteur de 37 % à la charge de morbidité du paludisme, avec une incidence parasitaire annuelle supérieure à 4,5/1000 chaque année. En outre, un risque croissant d'incidence du paludisme à Plasmodium falciparum dans des régions où auparavant prédominait le paludisme à P. vivax est apparu. De nouveaux outils de lutte efficaces ont été introduits, comme les tests diagnostiques rapides, les associations à base d'artémisinine et les moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticide à longue durée d'action. Cet article fait état des progrès réalisés en matière de mise en oeuvre de la stratégie de lutte antipaludique au Pakistan, expose les principaux défis et révèle le potentiel de mise en oeuvre fondé sur les résultats afin de promouvoir la mobilisation des ressources et les partenariats de collaboration.

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“…Although the availability of the genome sequence provides new opportunities to discover drug and vaccine targets and to perform gene expression (13,14) and proteomic studies, the lack of worldwide genetic diversity data has hampered population studies. At present, many P. vivax studies still rely on a small set of polymorphic antigens such as circumsporozoite protein, merozoite surface proteins, and apical membrane antigen (AMA-1) to assess diversity (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Although these single-gene approaches are often sufficient for determining polyclonal infections, they are not the ideal markers for studying parasite genetic diversity because they are highly variable.…”

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confidence: 99%

Whole-genome sequencing and microarray analysis of ex vivo Plasmodium vivax reveal selective pressure on putative drug resistance genes

Dharia

Bright

Westenberger

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

103

105

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Plasmodium vivax causes 25-40% of malaria cases worldwide, yet research on this human malaria parasite has been neglected. Nevertheless, the recent publication of the P. vivax reference genome now allows genomics and systems biology approaches to be applied to this pathogen. We show here that whole-genome analysis of the parasite can be achieved directly from ex vivo-isolated parasites, without the need for in vitro propagation. A single isolate of P. vivax obtained from a febrile patient with clinical malaria from Peru was subjected to whole-genome sequencing (30× coverage). This analysis revealed over 18,261 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 6,257 of which were further validated using a tiling microarray. Within core chromosomal genes we find that one SNP per every 985 bases of coding sequence distinguishes this recent Peruvian isolate, designated IQ07, from the reference Salvador I strain obtained in 1972. This full-genome sequence of an uncultured P. vivax isolate shows that the same regions with low numbers of aligned sequencing reads are also highly variable by genomic microarray analysis. Finally, we show that the genes containing the largest ratio of nonsynonymous-to-synonymous SNPs include two AP2 transcription factors and the P. vivax multidrug resistance-associated protein (PvMRP1), an ABC transporter shown to be associated with quinoline and antifolate tolerance in Plasmodium falciparum. This analysis provides a data set for comparative analysis with important potential for identifying markers for global parasite diversity and drug resistance mapping studies.

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Molecular characterization of Plasmodium vivax clinical isolates in Pakistan and Iran using pvmsp-1, pvmsp-3α and pvcsp genes as molecular markers

Cited by 58 publications

References 45 publications

Molecular markers and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax

Molecular markers and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax

Malaria control in Pakistan: new tools at hand but challenging epidemiological realities

Whole-genome sequencing and microarray analysis of ex vivo Plasmodium vivax reveal selective pressure on putative drug resistance genes

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