Molecular detection of Cryptosporidium: an emerging parasite in different water sources of 2010 flood-affected district Nowshera, Pakistan

Khan, Shaukat Ali; Khan, Imran; Ali, Izaz; Khan, Amir Muhammad; Anees, Muhammad; Khan, Khurshaid Ali; Rashid, Wajid; Akbar, Noorul

doi:10.1007/s00203-021-02419-y

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…26 Cryptosporidium, a water-borne zoonotic parasite is the second leading cause of diarrhea and deaths in children after rotavirus. 27,28 In a study of 300 water samples from the flood-affected district, Nowshera, the overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was found to be 30.33%. The highest prevalence was recorded in the summer (June-September).…”

Section: Water-borne Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water-related diseases following flooding in South Asian countries – a healthcare crisis

Ahmed,

Shaikh,

Waseem

et al. 2024

Eur J Clin Exp Med

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Introduction and aim. Industrialization and elevated greenhouse gas emissions pose significant threats to the environment, raising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and leading to climate change. Climate change may impact human health either directly via increasing extreme weather frequency and altering disease patterns or indirectly via social institutions and disrupted global supply chain resulting in consequences like undernutrition Material and methods. This review conducted a comprehensive literature search on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library, from inception to September 2022, using relevant keywords. Analysis of the literature. Massive flooding in South Asia is leading to a surge in water-related diseases. Cholera outbreaks have occurred in countries like Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh following floods, and waterborne diseases like typhoid, rota virus, hepatitis A, and leptospirosis are prevalent in flood-affected regions. Additionally, Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter, Shigella, and Polio outbreaks are reported. Water-scarce diseases, including scabies, impetigo, and cellulitis, are also on the rise in flood-affected areas. Water-based diseases, such as dracunculiasis, schistosomiasis, and Leishmaniasis, pose significant risks. Vector-borne diseases, including malaria, dengue, and Leishmaniasis, are becoming more prevalent due to flooded areas providing breeding grounds for disease vectors like mosquitoes and sandflies. These diseases are now more common in flood-af fected regions, affecting millions of people. Conclusion. Urgent measures are needed, including early warning systems, resilient infrastructure, drainage maintenance, and stricter land-use regulations, to reduce the impact of these natural disasters. International cooperation and immediate action at national and global levels are essential to mitigate the health crises caused by flooding and other natural disasters.

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Section: Water-borne Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The highest prevalence was recorded in the summer (June-September). 27 According to studies from India, a rise in temperature and humidity increases the frequency of infections. This may be attributed to the dissemination of infectious oocysts into the surface water post heavy rainfall between March and July.…”

Section: Water-borne Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water-related diseases following flooding in South Asian countries – a healthcare crisis

Ahmed,

Shaikh,

Waseem

et al. 2024

Eur J Clin Exp Med

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“…Glaciers melting in the Himalayas synchronously with the monsoon season are anticipated to increase flooding events in Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and parts of India (Lee et al, 2021). The 2010 historic super flood in Pakistan affected an estimated 20 million people throughout Pakistan (Khan et al, 2010) and resulted in losses of an estimated (adjusted) US$10.0 billion (Ali, 2013) to the economy of the country. In the long term, this will lead to drying of the rivers in the Himalayan catchment thus increasing the vulnerabilities of large populations (You et al, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

Policy implementation barriers in climate change adaptation: The case of Pakistan

Masud

Khan

2023

Env Pol Gov

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This article focuses on the policy implementation barriers that result in poor adaptation and enhanced risk of exposure to extreme vulnerabilities, based on experiences in Pakistan. A number of policy implementation barriers are identified including: (i) Whether policy development is seen as a closed or open consultation process, (ii) Whether policy is seen as a generic document or an instrument for specific actions, and (iii) Whether policy administration is seen as a central or devolved process. As a case study, Pakistan's national climate change policy was considered. Pakistan is the eighth most climate change impacted country in the world. The results conclude that a prevalent top‐down frame of management, centred‐around federalism, has created vacuums for misinterpretation, poor understanding amongst policy implementers and false expectations of policy goals. A critical aspect of this disconnect is the lack of inclusivity of critical stakeholder groups in the policy design and development stages thus creating various barriers resulting in mistrust between different governing entities and vice versa. The study also highlights the nature of this problem and recommends a closer examination of the prerequisites of engagement in climate decision‐making for better understanding and implementation of adaptation practices in de‐centralised governance.

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“…Similar studies that have been conducted in other contexts revealed the occurrence of G. lamblia in rainwater, such as in Abobo municipality. For example, in Pakistan, pathogens, such as G. lamblia and Cryptosporidium, are known as faecal contamination indicators(Khan et al, 2021). In most sub-Saharan African countries, many factors are involved in the transmission of G. lamblia, due to open defecation and poor faecal sludge management.…”

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confidence: 99%

Assessing transmission patterns of flood-related waterborne diseases in two urban municipalities of Côte d’Ivoire

Kouamé

Dongo

Fokou

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Flooding increases with climate variabilities and results in health risk factors in urban settings with poor sanitation infrastructure. Expert previsions highlight that by 2030, climate change and change in land-use will increase waterborne disease transmissions. However, there are few assessments of the indirect impacts of flooding, such as waterborne pathogens and zoonoses. This research aimed at assessing flooding-related disease transmission patterns in two municipalities (Abobo and Cocody) of Abidjan in Côte d’Ivoire. The study applied a cross-sectional survey with 844 households. Overall, 200 samples of rainwater from flooded households and drainage streams were collected, followed by laboratory analyses. Giardia lamblia and Vibrio cholerae spp. concentrations were assessed using the Sodium Acetate Formalin (SAF) method and the most probable number (MPN) method, respectively. Blood and urine were sampled from 129 rodents captured in households, followed by a PCR analysis to detect Leptospira species. The results show no significant difference detected in household exposure to flooding associated with solid waste management. In flooded households, perceived malaria symptoms and diarrhoea are associated with education (OR = 0.8, 95% CI 0.7–0.8, p = 0.001) and waste disposal (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.6, p = 0.001). There was no V. cholerae detected in the flood water. A total of 77 cyst/ml of Giardia lamblia were found in the flood water in Abobo. Three species of rodents were identified (Mus musculus, Crocidura, Rattus), and there is no Leptospira spp. detected in water, blood and urine. The presence of waterborne pathogens associated with flood water highlighted mainly faecal contamination risk. Further interventions should focus on sanitation that reduce faecal contamination.

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Molecular detection of Cryptosporidium: an emerging parasite in different water sources of 2010 flood-affected district Nowshera, Pakistan

Cited by 3 publications

References 38 publications

Water-related diseases following flooding in South Asian countries – a healthcare crisis

Water-related diseases following flooding in South Asian countries – a healthcare crisis

Policy implementation barriers in climate change adaptation: The case of Pakistan

Assessing transmission patterns of flood-related waterborne diseases in two urban municipalities of Côte d’Ivoire

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