Molecular Detection of Norwalk-Like Caliciviruses in Sewage

Lodder, Willemijn J.; Vinjé, Jan; Heide, Reina van de; Husman, Ana Maria de Roda; Leenen, E.J.T.M.; Koopmans, Marion

doi:10.1128/aem.65.12.5624-5627.1999

Cited by 87 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Our present data showed that both raw and treated sewage were contaminated by NoV strains. Our results correlated with those of other studies (Lodder et al 1999;van den Berg et al 2005;Iwai et al 2009). However, whereas NoVs were described as an important agent of waterborne nonbacterial gastroenteritis, found in more than 50% of sewage samples (La Rosa et al 2007;Rodriguez-Diaz et al 2009), our study showed that only 4AE4% of sewage samples were contaminated by NoV.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in environmental samples in Monastir, Tunisia between January 2003 and April 2007

Sdiri-Loulizi

Hassine

Aouni

et al. 2010

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aims: A prospective study was performed to characterize the main human enteric viruses able to persist in sewage samples and in shellfish tissues, and to establish the correlation between environmental strains and viral infantile diarrhoea observed in the same area during the same period. Methods and Results: A total of 250 sewage (raw and treated) and 60 shellfish samples were collected between January 2003 and April 2007 in Monastir region, Tunisia. Group A rotavirus (RVA) was detected in 80 (32%) sewage samples, norovirus (NoV) in 11 (4·4%) and enteric adenovirus (AdV) in 1 (0·4%). Among 60 shellfish samples collected near sewage effluents, one was contaminated by NoV (1·6%). Conclusion: Our data represent the first documentation in Tunisia, combining gastroenteritis viruses circulating in the environment and in clinical isolates. We observed a correlation between environmental strains and those found in children suffering from gastroenteritis during the same period study. This suggests the existence of a relationship between water contamination and paediatric diarrhoea. Significance and Impact of the Study: Our results address the potential health risks associated with transmission of human enteric viruses through water‐related environmental routes. The research findings will aid in elucidating the molecular epidemiology and circulation of enteric viruses in Tunisia and in Africa, where data are rare.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in environmental samples in Monastir, Tunisia between January 2003 and April 2007

Sdiri-Loulizi

Hassine

Aouni

et al. 2010

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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“…Sewage represents a pooled meta-sample of literally thousands of individual specimens. Known enteric viruses such as adenoviruses [28,29], noroviruses [30] astroviruses [31], and hepatitis A [32] have frequently been tested for and detected in sewage by PCR and RT-PCR. We reasoned that detection of klassevirus 1 in raw sewage would serve as a proxy for its presence in human stool in the population that generated the sewage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Klassevirus 1, a previously undescribed member of the family Picornaviridae, is globally widespread

Holtz

Finkbeiner

Zhao

et al. 2009

Virol J

114

100

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Background Diarrhea is the third leading infectious cause of death worldwide and is estimated to be responsible for approximately 2 million deaths a year. While many infectious causes of diarrhea have been established, approximately 40% of all diarrhea cases are of unknown etiology. In an effort to identify novel viruses that may be causal agents of diarrhea, we used high throughput mass sequencing to analyze stool samples collected from patients with acute diarrhea. Results Sequences with limited similarity to known picornaviruses were detected in a stool sample collected in Australia from a child with acute diarrhea. Using a combination of mass sequencing, RT-PCR, 5' RACE and 3' RACE, a 6383 bp fragment of the viral genome was sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that this virus was highly divergent from, but most closely related to, members of the genus Kobuvirus . We have tentatively named this novel virus klassevirus 1. We also detected klassevirus 1 by RT-PCR in a diarrhea specimen collected from a patient in St. Louis, United States as well as in untreated sewage collected in Barcelona, Spain. Conclusion Klassevirus 1 is a previously undescribed picornavirus that is globally widespread and present on at least three continents. Further investigations to determine whether klassevirus 1 is a human pathogen are needed.

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“…Many waterborne pathogens, particularly viruses, infect only humans. Much of the waterborne disease burden in developed countries is attributed to viral infections (Hopkins et al, 1984;Bosch et al, 1991;Reynolds et al, 2008); therefore, human sewage contamination is considered very risky (Bosch, 1998;Lodder et al, 1999;Field & Samadpour, 2007). Elevated FIB concentrations resulting from input from comingled sources where human sewage is a minimal factor, such as stormwater, generally have relatively lower human health risks than sewage-impacted waters (Ferguson et al, 1996;Wade et al, 2008).…”

Section: Limitations Of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (Fib)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial source tracking markers for detection of fecal contamination in environmental waters: relationships between pathogens and human health outcomes

Harwood

Staley

Badgley³

et al. 2014

FEMS Microbiol Rev

567

490

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Microbial source tracking (MST) describes a suite of methods and an investigative strategy for determination of fecal pollution sources in environmental waters that rely on the association of certain fecal microorganisms with a particular host. MST is used to assess recreational water quality and associated human health risk, and total maximum daily load allocations. Many methods rely on signature molecules (markers) such as DNA sequences of host-associated microorganisms. Human sewage pollution is among the greatest concerns for human health due to (1) the known risk of exposure to human waste and (2) the public and regulatory will to reduce sewage pollution; however, methods to identify animal sources are receiving increasing attention as our understanding of zoonotic disease potential improves. Here, we review the performance of MST methods in initial reports and field studies, with particular emphasis on quantitative PCR (qPCR). Relationships among human-associated MST markers, fecal indicator bacteria, pathogens, and human health outcomes are presented along with recommendations for future research. An integrated understanding of the advantages and drawbacks of the many MST methods targeting human sources advanced over the past several decades will benefit managers, regulators, researchers, and other users of this rapidly growing area of environmental microbiology.

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Molecular Detection of Norwalk-Like Caliciviruses in Sewage

Cited by 87 publications

References 21 publications

Detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in environmental samples in Monastir, Tunisia between January 2003 and April 2007

Detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in environmental samples in Monastir, Tunisia between January 2003 and April 2007

Klassevirus 1, a previously undescribed member of the family Picornaviridae, is globally widespread

Microbial source tracking markers for detection of fecal contamination in environmental waters: relationships between pathogens and human health outcomes

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