Molecular detection of zoonotic filarioids in <i>Culex</i> spp. from Portugal

Manoj, Ranju Ravindran Santhakumari; Latrofa, Maria Stefanía; Cavalera, Maria Alfonsa; Mendoza‐Roldan, Jairo Alfonso; Maia, Carla; Otranto, Domenico

doi:10.1111/mve.12524

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Despite not being featured in any peer-reviewed publication, there have been O. lupi sequences isolated from the heads and bodies of Simulium griseum from New Mexico, further supporting the putative role of black flies as suitable intermediate hosts. Several studies in Europe failed in the attempt to confirm the role of black flies and other biting flies as biological vectors of O. lupi, likely due to poor sampling (77, 85,86). It is known that this parasite species presents a wide geographic distribution; thus, the possibility of multiple arthropod species acting as vectors (e.g., as occurs with Onchocerca volvulus, the agent of river blindness in humans in Africa and Latin America) cannot be ruled out (87).…”

Section: Onchocerca Lupi Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous filarioid nematodes of dogs in the United States: Are they emerging, neglected, or underdiagnosed parasites?

Gruntmeir

Kelly²,

Ramos³

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Filarioid nematodes, which are vector-borne parasites of cosmopolitan distribution, of dogs are medically important. They are represented by species in which microfilariae were found to be circulating in the bloodstream (e.g., Dirofilaria sp., Acanthocheilonema sp., and Brugia sp.) or skin-dwelling (e.g., Cercopithifilaria sp. and Onchocerca sp.). Those species whose microfilariae are detected in blood have been extensively studied, especially Dirofilaria immitis, due to their clinical importance. In recent decades, there has been an increased interest by the scientific community in filarioid nematodes whose microfilariae are detected in the skin because of the zoonotic aspect of Onchocerca lupi. In the United States (US), although D. immitis has been considered the main filarioid infecting dogs, the intense animal movement and global canine filarioid diversity may indicate that the likely presence of cutaneous filarioid nematodes is more common than previously expected. Hence, a question remains: Are these canine filarioid nematodes emerging, neglected, or simply underdiagnosed in the US? In this review, we provide an overview of pertinent information that briefly summarizes the biology of the different canine filarioid nematode species, clinical signs associated with infections, and currently available diagnostic tools using molecular and microscopy-based methods and highlight knowledge gaps where research and surveillance efforts remain necessary. The data herein presented serve as an alert to the scientific community about the importance of filarioid nematodes infecting dogs other than D. immitis. Additionally, the zoonotic potential of several filarioid species reinforces the necessity of a proper diagnosis and the need for broader surveillance to understand their diversity and distribution, to highlight the potential introduction of certain species, and mitigate their establishment in the country and new animal and human cases.

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Section: Onchocerca Lupi Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous filarioid nematodes of dogs in the United States: Are they emerging, neglected, or underdiagnosed parasites?

Gruntmeir

Kelly²,

Ramos³

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Before the advent of molecular techniques to identify filarial parasites, the detection of morphologically difficult to discriminate filarial larvae were typically only used to diagnose an arthropod vector as having zoonotic biting habits (Garms and Voelker 1969). The application of molecular techniques to screening of disease vectors has shown that precise identifications of filarial parasites can now be easily made from larvae found in vectors (Czajka et al 2014;Manoj et al 2021;Silva et al 2022). Many similar studies that have identified filarial parasites in arthropod vectors have, however, recovered DNA sequences from unknown adult parasite sources (Czajka et al 2012).…”

Section: Research Value Of Novel D Gracile Reference Sequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent surveys performed within the urban-forest interface zones of Manaus have found a diverse range of biting insects, but have not yet definitively incriminated any as a zoonotic disease bridge vector (Hendy et al 2020a;Hendy et al 2020b). Because filarial parasites usually cause chronic and persistent blood parasitaemias in their vertebrate hosts, they can often be detected in disease vectors, even when the vector is not a competent host for the parasite (Shelley et al 1994;Czajka et al 2012;Czajka et al 2014;Simonsen et al 2014;Manoj et al 2021;Silva et al 2022;). Because filarial parasites typically have limited host ranges, their detection in biting arthropods can and has been used to infer feeding preferences and, in this way, incriminate potential zoonotic disease bridge vectors (Garms and Voelker 1969;Lefoulon et al 2015;Crainey et al 2017a;Silva et al 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because filarial parasites typically have limited host ranges, their detection in biting arthropods can and has been used to infer feeding preferences and, in this way, incriminate potential zoonotic disease bridge vectors (Garms and Voelker 1969;Lefoulon et al 2015;Crainey et al 2017a;Silva et al 2022). Although the extent to which feeding preferences have been inferred from filarial parasites has historically been limited by how difficult it is to morphologically identify the filarial larvae found in arthropod vectors, the potential of such bridge-vector-incriminating approaches has been demonstrated by the recent application of these molecular tools (Garms and Voelker 1969;Czajka et al 2012;Czajka et al 2014;Manoj et al 2021;Silva et al 2022). The identification of zoonotic filarial parasites in arthropod disease vectors could, therefore, prove extremely helpful in identifying which arthropod species are the most likely to be involved in a zoonotic disease outbreak within Manaus and indeed beyond (Silva et al 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ribosomal, mitochondrial and bacterial (Wolbachia) reference sequences for Dipetalonema gracile obtained from a wild pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) host in Manaus, Brazil

et al. 2023

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The primates that inhabit the rainforest surrounding the city of Manaus (Amazonas, Brazil) have long been recognised as potentially important reservoirs of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (ERIDs). PCR amplification of filarial sequences from wild-caught Simulium oyapockense has been used to incriminate potentially important Amazon-region ERID bridge vectors by showing they had previously fed on non-human primates. The broader use of filarial parasite sequences for the incrimination of biting insects as potentially important zoonotic disease vectors is limited by a paucity of primate-derived filarial parasite reference sequences which can be matched to the PCR amplified sequences obtained from insect-vector vectors. Here we have used shotgun sequencing to obtain reference data from an adult Dipetalonema gracile parasite which was found infecting a wild pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) in a peripheral region of Manaus. We report the parasite´s complete mitochondrial genome (which is 13,647 base pairs in length), 894,846 base pairs of its Wolbachia genome and 6,426 base pairs of its ribosomal DNA locus (spanning from the start of its 18S subunit to the end of its 28S subunit). Despite being critically endangered, S. bicolor is commonly encountered around the periphery of Manaus and in urban forest fragments. The reported sequences may be a useful reference tool for identifying ERID bridge vectors and potentially provide some insights into the amount and the nature of contact between primate pathogen reservoirs and the residents of Manaus.

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“…Similarly, Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus was identified as a competent vector in Algarve [147]. In Spain, the existence of Cx.…”

Section: Heartworm Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Has Happened to Heartworm Disease in Europe in the Last 10 Years?

et al. 2022

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Heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis is a vector-borne disease that affects canids and felids, both domestic and wild, throughout the world. It is a chronic disease which causes vascular damage in pulmonary arteries, and in advanced stages, the presence of pulmonary hypertension and right-sided congestive heart failure can be evidenced. Moreover, pulmonary thromboembolism is caused by the death of the worms, which can be lethal for the infected animal. Furthermore, it is the causative agent of human pulmonary dirofilariosis, being a zoonotic disease. The aim of this review was to update the current epidemiological situation of heartworm in Europe in dogs, cats, wild animals, and vectors insects, and to analyse the factors that may have contributed to the continuous spread of the disease in the last decade (2012–2021). In Europe, the disease has extended to eastern countries, being currently endemic in countries where previously only isolated or imported cases were reported. Furthermore, its prevalence has continued to increase in southern countries, traditionally endemic. This distribution trends and changes are influenced by several factors which are discussed in this review, such as the climate changes, presence of vectors in new areas, the appearance of new competent vector species in the continent, increased movement of pets that travelled to or originated from endemic countries, the urbanisation of rural areas leading to the formation of so-called “heat islands”, or the creation of extensive areas of irrigated crops. The continuous expansion of D. immitis must be monitored, and measures adapted to the situation of each country must be carried out for adequate control.

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Molecular detection of zoonotic filarioids in Culex spp. from Portugal

Cited by 9 publications

References 53 publications

Cutaneous filarioid nematodes of dogs in the United States: Are they emerging, neglected, or underdiagnosed parasites?

Cutaneous filarioid nematodes of dogs in the United States: Are they emerging, neglected, or underdiagnosed parasites?

Ribosomal, mitochondrial and bacterial (Wolbachia) reference sequences for Dipetalonema gracile obtained from a wild pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) host in Manaus, Brazil

What Has Happened to Heartworm Disease in Europe in the Last 10 Years?

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