Immobilization
of complex molecules and clusters on supports plays
an important role in a variety of disciplines including materials
science, catalysis, and biochemistry. In particular, deposition of
clusters on surfaces has attracted considerable attention due to their
nonscalable and highly size-dependent properties. The ability to precisely
control the composition and morphology of complex molecules and clusters
on surfaces is crucial for the development of next-generation materials
with rationally tailored properties. Soft and reactive landing of
ions onto solid or liquid surfaces introduces unprecedented selectivity
into surface modification by completely eliminating the effect of
solvent and sample contamination on the quality of the film. The ability
to select the mass-to-charge ratio of the precursor ion, its kinetic
energy, and charge state along with precise control of the size, shape,
and position of the ion beam on the deposition target makes soft landing
an attractive approach for surface modification. High-purity uniform
thin films on surfaces generated using mass-selected ion deposition
facilitate understanding of critical interfacial phenomena relevant
to catalysis, energy generation and storage, and materials science.
Our efforts have been directed toward understanding charge retention
by soft-landed complex ions, which may affect their structure, reactivity,
and stability. Specifically, we have examined the effect of the surface
on charge retention by both positively and negatively charged ions.
We found that the electronic properties of the surface play an important
role in charge retention by cations. Meanwhile, the electron binding
energy is a key factor determining charge retention by anions. These
findings provide the scientific foundation required for the rational
design of interfaces for advanced catalysts and energy-storage devices.
Further optimization of electrode–electrolyte interfaces for
applications in energy storage and electrocatalysis may be achieved
by understanding and controlling the properties of soft-landed ions.