Molecular Epidemiology and Prevalence of Theileria lestoquardi and Theileria ovis Infection in Goats Infested With Tick Vectors From Multan, Pakistan

Riaz, Muhammad; Nazir, Muhammad Mudasser; Tasawar, Zahida; Ahmed, Atif Nisar; Ayaz, Muhammad; Akram, Qaisar; Lindsay, David S.

doi:10.1093/jme/tjy229

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…However, it is not possible to exclude the possibility of another caprine/ovine Theileria species as Th. lestoquardi has been reported from small ruminants in Pakistan such as by Riaz et al [16]. Anaplasma ovis was detected in 25.9% of all tick species identified herein and it is most frequently associated with anaplasmosis in small ruminants worldwide [64].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Although a number of studies have assessed the prevalence of ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) of small ruminants in different areas of Pakistan [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19], there is a paucity of information from the FATA. Moreover, no study has yet investigated the presence, prevalence and diversity of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) of small ruminants in this region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Assessment of the Molecular Diversity of Ticks and Tick-Borne Microorganisms of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

et al. 2020

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This study investigated ticks and tick-borne microorganisms of small ruminants from five districts of the Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA) of Pakistan. Morphological (n = 104) and molecular (n = 54) characterization of the ticks revealed the presence of six ixodid ticks: Rhipicephalus (Rh.) haemaphysaloides, Rh. microplus, Rh. turanicus, Haemaphysalis (Hs.) punctata, Hs. sulcata and Hyalomma anatolicum. Phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide sequence data for two mitochondrial (16S and cytochrome c oxidase 1) and one nuclear (second internal transcribed spacer) DNA regions provided strong support for the grouping of the six tick species identified in this study. Microfluidic real-time PCR, employing multiple pre-validated nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers, detected 11 potential pathogens and endosymbionts in 72.2% of the ticks (n = 54) tested. Rickettsia (R.) massiliae was the most common pathogen found (42.6% of ticks) followed by Theileria spp. (33.3%), Anaplasma (A.) ovis and R. slovaca (25.9% each). Anaplasma centrale, A. marginale, Ehrlichia spp., R. aeschlimannii, R. conorii and endosymbionts (Francisella- and Coxiella-like) were detected at much lower rates (1.9–22.2%) in ticks. Ticks from goats (83.9%) carried significantly higher microorganisms than those from sheep (56.5%). This study demonstrates that ticks of small ruminants from the FATA are carrying multiple microorganisms of veterinary and medical health significance and provides the basis for future investigations of ticks and tick-borne diseases of animals and humans in this and neighboring regions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Assessment of the Molecular Diversity of Ticks and Tick-Borne Microorganisms of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

et al. 2020

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“…ovis [32]. Differences in the management of male and female animals during pregnancy, labor, and lactation may affect the degree of the exposure to tick vectors, which in turn may contribute to higher prevalence of these pathogens in male animals [33]. The prevalence of pathogen among the sampling locations were different for T .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, risk factors, and co-infection of vector-borne pathogens in goats from Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran

et al. 2019

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Several vector-borne pathogens restrict livestock farming and have significant economic impact worldwide. In endemic areas livestock are exposed to different tick species carrying various pathogens which could result in co-infection with several tick-borne pathogens in a single host. Although the co-infection of and the interaction among pathogens are critical factors to determine the disease outcome, pathogen interactions in the vector and the host are poorly understood. In this study, we surveyed the presence of Babesia ovis , Theileria ovis , Theileria lestoquardi , Anaplasma ovis , Anaplasma phagocytophilum , and Anaplasma marginale in 200 goats from 3 different districts in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Species-specific diagnostic PCRs and sequence analysis revealed that 1.5%, 12.5%, and 80% of samples were positive for T . lestoquardi , T . ovis , and A . ovis , respectively. Co-infections of goats with up to 3 pathogens were seen in 22% of the samples. We detected a significant association between T . ovis infection and age, T . ovis infection and location (Zabol), and A . ovis infection and location (Sarbaz) by multivariate logistic regression analysis. In addition, by analyzing the data with respect to Plasmodium caprae infection in these goats, a negative correlation was found between P . caprae and A . ovis infection. This study contributes to understanding the epidemiology of vector-borne pathogens and their interplay in goats.

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“…Morphological characterisation using dichotomous keys has been the most commonly used method to identify ticks to species level (22/25) followed by a combination of microscopic and molecular methods (3/25) ( Table 1). However, six studies provided only genus-level identification of ticks [27,46,49,54,57,65] whereas three studies did not provide information on the identification of ticks [43,45,64]. Although the microscopic examination of ticks is simple and cheap, it has several limitations such as the requirement of entomological expertise for the identification of closely-related species (e.g., Rh.…”

Section: Identification Of Ticksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Theileriosis is the most studied TBD of small ruminants in Pakistan, with 20 investigations in vertebrate animals [27,28,30,31,54,57,88,89,107,123,[125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134] and three in ticks [22,27,86] from Punjab (n = 11), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (n = 10), the Islamabad Capital Territory (n = 1) and Balochistan (n = 1) (see Table 5). The most frequently reported Theileria species are T. ovis and T. lestoquardi; whereas, a recent study also reported T. luwenshuni, Theileria sp.…”

Section: Theileriosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

et al. 2020

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Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDis) are a major constraint to the health and production of small ruminants in Pakistan. Despite being the subject of intermittent studies over the past few decades, comprehensive information on the epidemiology and control of TTBDis is lacking. Herein, we have systematically reviewed the current knowledge on TTBDis of small ruminants in Pakistan. Critical appraisal of the selected 71 articles published between 1947 to 2020 revealed that morphological examination had been the most widely used method for the identification of TTBDis in Pakistan. Tick fauna comprise at least 40 species, mainly belonging to Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus. The prevalence of ticks is the highest in summer (June–September) and it is also higher in goats than sheep. Anaplasma, Babesia and Theileria spp. are the major tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), and their prevalence is usually higher in sheep than goats. Spatio-temporal distribution, genetic diversity and control of ticks and TBPs of small ruminants as well as the competence of tick vectors for various TBPs remain to be explored. Therefore, coordinated and focused investigations are required to fill knowledge gaps in these areas to maximise the health, production and welfare of small ruminants and minimise economic losses associated with TTBDis in Pakistan.

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Molecular Epidemiology and Prevalence of Theileria lestoquardi and Theileria ovis Infection in Goats Infested With Tick Vectors From Multan, Pakistan

Cited by 17 publications

References 18 publications

An Assessment of the Molecular Diversity of Ticks and Tick-Borne Microorganisms of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

An Assessment of the Molecular Diversity of Ticks and Tick-Borne Microorganisms of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

Epidemiology, risk factors, and co-infection of vector-borne pathogens in goats from Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran

Systematic Review of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

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