Molecular epidemiology of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections – What's new?

Thompson, R.C.A.; Ash, Amanda

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103951

Cited by 49 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Molecular detection of an assemblage in stool could be due to a patent infection or merely mechanical passage. To detect patent infections, mRNA assays can be used [38] or cysts or cyst wall proteins can be detected in stool samples [25]. In our study, three assays to detect cysts or cyst wall proteins were performed; DFA, CSF, and IDEXX SNAP ® Giardia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Use of Next Generation Amplicon Sequencing might resolve the problem of underreporting of certain assemblages, because with this sequencing method, assemblages present in mixed infection can be separately detected. Also, infections with lower CPG can be detected [38]. The finding of lower CPG in samples with loose stool for which no assemblage could be determined may be explained by the fact that nested PCRs showed higher sensitivity on purified cysts [25] and possibly also on diluted feces (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Giardia duodenalis multi-locus genotypes in dogs with different levels of synanthropism and clinical signs

et al. 2020

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Background In dogs, infections with Giardia duodenalis are mainly caused by assemblages C and D, but also by the potentially zoonotic assemblages A and B. The aims of this study were to assess differences in assemblages (i) between dogs living mainly in close proximity to humans (synanthropic dogs) versus dogs living mainly among other dogs, (ii) between samples of dogs with or without loose stool, and (iii) related to the amount of cysts shedding. Methods One hundred eighty-nine qPCR Giardia positive fecal samples of dogs originating from four groups (household, sheltered, hunting, and dogs for which a veterinarian sent a fecal sample to a diagnostic laboratory) were used for genotyping. For this, multi-locus genotyping of beta-giardin, triose phosphate isomerase, and glutamate dehydrogenase and genotyping of SSU rDNA gene fragments were performed. Fecal consistency was scored (loose or non-loose stool), and cysts per gram of feces were determined with qPCR. Results Assemblage D was the most prevalent in all groups, followed by the other canid assemblage C. Also, mixed C/D was common. In two (synanthropic) household dogs, the potentially zoonotic assemblage AI was present. Although occurrence of assemblage AI in household dogs was not significantly different from dogs living among other dogs (sheltered and hunting dogs), it was significantly higher compared to dogs for which a sample was sent to a diagnostic laboratory. Dogs with assemblage D shed significantly more cysts than dogs with other assemblages (except for mixed C/D results) or dogs in which no assemblage could be determined. None of the assemblages was significantly associated with loose stool. Conclusion Not only do dogs mainly shed the canid Giardia duodenalis assemblages D and/or C, the numbers of cysts per gram for the canid assemblage D were also higher than for the potential zoonotic assemblage AI. Based on the assemblages shed by dogs, the risk to public health posed by dogs is estimated to be low, even though the dogs that shed AI were synanthropic household dogs. Loose stool in infected dogs was not associated with any particular Giardia assemblage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giardia duodenalis multi-locus genotypes in dogs with different levels of synanthropism and clinical signs

et al. 2020

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“…Currently, many species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp. have been described, in a wide range of animals, livestock, and wild animals [2,3,5,12]. It was previously thought that each species of Cryptosporidium had a limited host range and was able to infect only a single host or closely related host species [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was previously thought that each species of Cryptosporidium had a limited host range and was able to infect only a single host or closely related host species [3]. However, according to the latest data it is likely that each species possesses a very broad range of hosts [3]. Molecular epidemiological surveillance-based studies have revealed an expanded host range of each Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. in an Agricultural Area of Northern Vietnam: A Community Survey

Iwashita

Takemura²,

Tokizawa

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundCryptosporidium spp. is a protozoan parasite with worldwide distribution that causes cryptosporidiosis in humans and other animals. In the countryside of northern Vietnam, where free-roaming livestock are widespread, cryptosporidiosis is an important zoonotic disease. However, there have been few studies of cryptosporidiosis in Southeast Asia from the perspective of zoonotic disease epidemiology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in both humans and animals and to gain an awareness of the potential threat posed by this zoonotic infection in northern Vietnam.Methods We conducted a community survey to collect information about cases of diarrhea in an agricultural area of northern Vietnam. For this study, a total of 2715 samples (2120 human diarrheal samples, 471 non-diarrheal human samples, and 124 animal stool samples) were collected. A direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) was used to detect Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in concentrated stool samples by observation under a fluorescent microscope. DNA extraction, PCR amplification of the three genes (COWP, SSU-rRNA, and GP60), and sequencing analysis were performed to identify Cryptosporidium spp.Results Of 2715 samples, 15 samples (10 diarrheal samples, 2 non-diarrheal samples, and 3 animal stool samples) tested positive by PCR for the COWP gene. Three species of Cryptosporidium spp. were detected; C. canis (from six human diarrheal samples, two human non-diarrheal samples, and one dog sample); C. hominis (from four human diarrheal samples); and C. suis (from two pig samples). In terms of C. hominis, the GP60 subtype IeA12G3T3 was detected in all four human diarrheal samples.Conclusions Although the number of positive samples was very small, our epidemiological data showed that the emerging pattern of each of the three species (C. canis, C. hominis, and C. suis) was different at this study site. For example, zoonotic transmission of C. canis, between dogs and humans was suspected. Further studies are needed to assess the risk of oocyst contamination in the wider environment, including water, in this study area.

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Cross‐continental comparison of parasite communities in a wide‐ranging carnivore suggests associations with prey diversity and host density

Strønen

Molnar

Ciucci

et al. 2021

Ecology and Evolution

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Molecular epidemiology of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections – What's new?

Cited by 49 publications

References 78 publications

Giardia duodenalis multi-locus genotypes in dogs with different levels of synanthropism and clinical signs

Giardia duodenalis multi-locus genotypes in dogs with different levels of synanthropism and clinical signs

Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. in an Agricultural Area of Northern Vietnam: A Community Survey

Cross‐continental comparison of parasite communities in a wide‐ranging carnivore suggests associations with prey diversity and host density

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