Molecular epidemiology of helminth diseases of the humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis, as a pattern for mapping fish diseases in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia

Abstract

Background and Aim: Neobenedenia girellae and Haliotrema epinepheli are important but neglected helminth parasites of marine fish. The humpback grouper, the most relevant definitive host, harbors several Neobenedenia and Haliotrema spp. simultaneously on body surfaces and gills. These species can be distinguished morphologically This study aimed to identify Neobenedenia and Haliotrema spp. infestations in monogenean humpback grouper by multiplex polymerase chain reaction method, which seems to be widely distributed in the study area. Data can be used as a basis for mapping disease patterns in Strait waters. Materials and Methods: Eighty humpback groupers (Cromileptes altivelis) were collected from eight different areas in the Sunda Strait and examined using scrapings from body surfaces and gill lamellae followed by multiplex PCR for identification. Results: Parasites on body surfaces were recovered from 49 fish (61.2%) and were found on gill lamellae in 72 fish (90%) by microscopic examination. Endoparasites were absent. Ectoparasites identified included, N. girellae, Neobenedenia melleni eggs, Neobenedenia pasifica, Neobenedenia longiprostata, Haliotrema eukurodai, H. kurodai, Haliotrema leporinus, Haliotrema dongshaense, Haliotrema angelopterum, Haliotrema aurigae, Haliotrema scyphovagina, and H. epinepheli. Conclusion: The distribution of trematode disease in humpback grouper in Sunda Strait waters was revealed. All parasites were from genera, Neobenedenia and Haliotrema. Risks associated with these parasites should not be overlooked. Prevention and control programs need to be extended to other marine fish. Humpback grouper should be dewormed more frequently.

Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Probiotik Untuk Budidaya Ikan Kerapu Bebek (Cromileptes Altivelis) Di Keramba Jaring Apung Di Kabupaten Pesawaran, Lampung

“…Keuntungan dari penggunaan drum plastik pada kultur probiotik adalah mudah dipindahkan, dan tidak membutuhkan lahan yang luas. Ikan yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini yaitu ikan kerapu bebek karena ikan kerapu bebek memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi, namun rentan terserang penyakit yang disebabkan parasite, virus atau bakteri (Magray et al, 2021., Subekti et al, 2021 sehingga sangat diperlukan penambahan probiotik pada pakan ikan kerapu bebek agar ikan lebih tahan terhadap serangan penyakit .…”

First microphological and molecular parasitological survey of Benedenia in humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) of Lampung and Situbondo, Indonesia

“…The results of PCR amplification were purified using a DNA purification kit (Qiagen) and sequencing of the 28S rRNA gene as used in the previous study (De Silva et al 2021). The cycle PCR setting was according to a previous study with conditions of 35 cycles of 95℃ for 15 minutes (predenaturation), 35 cycles of 94℃ for 30 seconds (denaturation), 55℃ for 30 seconds (annealing), 72℃ for 30 seconds (first extension), and 72℃ for 5 minutes (final extension) (Subekti et al 2021). The mixture containing 10x buffer PCR 1x, dNTP mix 0.2 mM, Primer F, and R 0,8 mM each, Taq Polymerase 0.02 U/μL, 2μL DNA template, then added milliQ to provide a reaction volume of 20 μL.…”

“…Epizootic is a rapidly spreading disease that is temporary or quickly grows in vast numbers within a wide area (Dang et al 2011). The 28S rRNA gene can explain unique biological features such as accessory sclerites, taxonomy, host association, and geographical distribution of B. epinepheli (Subekti et al 2021). Further research needs to be carried out using the 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, or COI gene, which are also useful for molecularly detecting this parasite (Sepúlveda and González 2014;Turgay et al 2019).…”

“…However, in successful aquaculture, both locations often suffer from water pollution that harms humpback grouper farmers. Many industries in Lampung and Situbondo still dump waste in the water, which harms water quality and causes mass fish deaths in farmers' cages (Subekti et al 2021). According to the Regional Environmental Status Data of Lampung and East Java Provinces (2018), manufacturing industries in Lampung and Situbondo, such as tapioca flour, palm oil, animal feed, food and beverages, fish processing, rubber, estates, agriculture, and mining are directly responsible for environmental and marine water pollution.…”

“…The impact of industrial waste also causes floating net cages to become dirty so that the residue of feed that fish do not consume and the products of fish metabolic activities (feces and urine) cannot be decomposed, which results in the appearance of various diseases, especially from parasitic worms (Anrosana and Gemaputri 2017;Subekti et al 2021). The previous study stated that polluted waters trigger fish stress and increase their susceptibility to pathogens, especially Benedenia (Hassan et al 2015;Fahmy et al 2022).…”