Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Baja California, Mexico: A result of human migration?

Flores-López, Carlos A.; Zenteno-Cuevas, Roberto; Laniado-Laborı́n, Rafael; Reynaud, Yann; García-Ortiz, Rosa Alejandra; González-y-Merchand, Jorge A.; Rivera, Sandra; Vázquez-Chacón, Carlos Arturo; Vaughan, Gilberto; Martínez-Guarneros, José Armando; Victoria-Cota, Nelva; Cruz-Rivera, Mayra; Rastogi, Nalin; Muñíz-Salazar, Raquel

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.001

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…It is important to mention that the state of Veracruz has an important flow of Central and South American immigrants were the final destination is the United States and also remark that the state has three of the five major seaports of Mexico. These factors may explain the possible importation and subsequent distribution of some of the genotypes circulating in the area, a similar scenario has been described in the state of Baja California, a state located in the north of Mexico [ 48 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Given their relationship with high virulence and development of drug resistance, seven SITs draw attention: SIT1/Beijing and SIT19/IIA-Manila, forming two clusters each with three isolates, of which only one was MDR. The W-Beijing lineage is considered important because of its predominance in Asian countries, high infectiousness and tendency to develop multidrug resistance[ 45 – 47 ].The occurrence of these lineages in the area confirms their extensive distribution in Mexico, as well as their apparently limited participation in the generation of multidrug resistance [ 15 , 18 , 19 , 48 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

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Genetic diversity of drug and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis circulating in Veracruz, Mexico

et al. 2018

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BackgroundMexico is one of the most important contributors of drug and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Latin America; however, knowledge of the genetic diversity of drug-resistant tuberculosis isolates is limited.MethodsIn this study, the genetic structure of 112 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from the southeastern Mexico was determined by spoligotyping and 24-loci MIRU-VNTRs.FindingsThe results show eight major lineages, the most of which was T1 (24%), followed by LAM (16%) and H (15%). A total of 29 (25%) isolates were identified as orphan. The most abundant SITs were SIT53/T1 and SIT42/LAM9 with 10 isolates each and SIT50/H3 with eight isolates. Fifty-two spoligotype patterns, twenty-seven clusters and ten clonal complexes were observed, demonstrating an important genetic diversity of drug and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis isolates in circulation and transmission level of these aggravated forms of tuberculosis. Being defined as orphan or as part of an orphan cluster, was a risk factor for multidrug resistant-tuberculosis (OR 2.5, IC 1.05–5.86 and OR 3.3, IC 1–11.03, respectively). Multiple correspondence analyses showed association of some clusters and SITs with specific geographical locations.ConclusionsOur study provides one of the most detailed description of the genetic structure of drug and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis strains in southeast Mexico, establishing for the first time a baseline of the genotypes observed in resistant isolates circulating, however further studies are required to better elucidate the genetic structure of tuberculosis in region and the factors that could be participating in their dispersion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Genetic diversity of drug and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis circulating in Veracruz, Mexico

et al. 2018

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“…Twenty-six (32%) isolates were located within six transmission clusters, of which two were particularly noteworthy: i) the TC1, which included the only two isolates with L3 (CAS) and ii) the TC6, comprising 13 (17%) MDR-TB isolates with sub-lineage 4.1.1 (X), including one isolate identified as pre-XDR-TB and another as XDR-TB. These CAS and X lineages are rarely referred in Mexico, particularly with such a strong tendency towards drug resistance [24,25,42,55,59] and additional studies will be necessary to determine the extension of this sub-lineages in the population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole genomic sequencing as a tool for diagnosis of drug and multidrug-resistance tuberculosis in an endemic region in Mexico

et al. 2019

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Background Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has been proposed as a tool for diagnosing drug resistance in tuberculosis. However, reports of its effectiveness in endemic countries with important numbers of drug resistance are scarce. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this procedure in isolates from a tuberculosis endemic region in Mexico. Methods WGS analysis was performed in 81 tuberculosis positive clinical isolates with a known phenotypic profile of resistance against first-line drugs (isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide and streptomycin). Mutations related to drug resistance were identified for each isolate; drug resistant genotypes were predicted and compared with the phenotypic profile. Genotypes and transmission clusters based on genetic distances were also characterized. Findings Prediction by WGS analysis of resistance against isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide and streptomycin showed sensitivity values of 84%, 96%, 71%, 75% and 29%, while specificity values were 100%, 94%, 90%, 90% and 98%, respectively. Prediction of multidrug resistance showed a sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 97%. Moreover, WGS analysis revealed polymorphisms related to second-line drug resistance, enabling classification of eight and two clinical isolates as pre- and extreme drug-resistant cases, respectively. Lastly, four lineages were identified in the population (L1, L2, L3 and L4). The most frequent of these was L4, which included 90% (77) of the isolates. Six transmission clusters were identified; the most frequent was TC6, which included 13 isolates with a L4.1.1 and a predominantly multidrug-resistant condition. Conclusions The results illustrate the utility of WGS for establishing the potential for prediction of resistance against first and second line drugs in isolates of tuberculosis from the region. They also demonstrate the feasibility of this procedure for use as a tool to support the epidemiological surveillance of drug- and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

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“…The factors associated with the high mortality from PTB in Baja California are immigration [27], HIV infection [28–30], multidrug resistance [20], and use of illegal intravenous drugs [30]. Likewise, this state shares one of the busiest borders in the world with the United States, which facilitates the concentration of immigrants from other countries and other states.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the health system in Mexico is heterogeneous in origin, the government has taken on the task of improving it without losing sight of the homogenization in elementary aspects of public health, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment [14]. Due to some problems of functioning of the health system in the management of the disease, such as the lack of detection of existing cases, the abandonment of treatment and, more recently, the appearance of resistance to antituberculous drugs [27], the results presented here that show a continuous increase in the disease, which may continue, could represent in the foreseeable future, a serious health problem not only in the country, but also regionally or globally.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morbidity Trends and Risk of Tuberculosis: Mexico 2007–2017

Bello–López

León-García

Rojas-Bernabé

et al. 2019

Canadian Respiratory Journal

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Background. To know the current status of the epidemiological and geographic distribution of tuberculosis and its complication meningeal tuberculosis in Mexico, this work analyzes national surveillance data (ten years) issued by the General Directorate of Epidemiology (GDE). Methods. An observational and retrospective analysis of monthly and annual reports of pulmonary and meningeal tuberculosis cases from January 2007 to December 2017 was performed on the annual reports issued by the GDE in Mexico. The number of cases and incidence were classified by year, state, age group, gender, and seasons. Results. A national case distribution map of pulmonary and meningeal tuberculosis incidence was generated. During this period, a total of 184,003 and 3,388 cases were reported with a median of 16,727.5 and 308 cases per year for pulmonary and meningeal tuberculosis diseases, respectively. The number of cases and incidence of pulmonary and meningeal tuberculosis per year showed that male gender presented a continuous increase in both parameters. The geographic analysis of the distribution of cases of tuberculosis showed that states like Guerrero, Tabasco, and Veracruz presented higher means of tuberculosis cases during this period. Northern states had the highest number of cases in the country compared to other states. In Mexico, pulmonary tuberculosis and meningeal tuberculosis are seasonal. Interestingly, cases of meningeal tuberculosis show an increase during October and November (autumn). Conclusions. In Mexico, during the years 2007–2017, there has been an increase in the proportion of male TB patients. It remains necessary to implement strategies to detect TB in the adult population, especially among men, because tuberculosis could be difficult to recognize in an early stage in the population, and the appearance of resistant strains can cause an increase in the incidence of the disease.

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Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Baja California, Mexico: A result of human migration?

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Genetic diversity of drug and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis circulating in Veracruz, Mexico

Genetic diversity of drug and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis circulating in Veracruz, Mexico

Whole genomic sequencing as a tool for diagnosis of drug and multidrug-resistance tuberculosis in an endemic region in Mexico

Morbidity Trends and Risk of Tuberculosis: Mexico 2007–2017

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