Molecular Evolution of Human Influenza A/H3N2 Virus in Asia and Europe from 2001 to 2003

Sherry, X.; Bolar, Trentice V.; Zhao, Ping; Tam, John S.; Rappaport, Ruth; Cheng, Sheau-Mei

doi:10.1128/jcm.43.12.6130-6132.2005

Cited by 30 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…This suggested that air travel facilitates spread of both pandemic and seasonal influenza even in the summer of the Northern Hemisphere, which is consistent with the rapid natural replacement of seasonal H3N2 influenza variants in the world in recent years, as shown by the example of the year 2009 mentioned earlier 12 , 13 , 14 …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Emergency surveillance of influenza during 2009 in the Chinese city of Qingdao

Wang

Yang

Liu

et al. 2010

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses

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Please cite this paper as: Wang et al. (2010) Emergency surveillance of influenza during 2009 in the Chinese city of Qingdao. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(1), 53–59. Background In April, 2009, a new influenza pandemic caused by a swine‐origin H1N1 subtype influenza virus was imminent. We thereby carried out an emergency surveillance study in a Chinese city of Qingdao. Methods Pharyngeal swab samples were collected from four targeted groups and tested by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction. Each laboratory‐confirmed pandemic H1N1 case or cluster was investigated, and the hemagglutinin genes of some of the viruses were sequenced and analyzed. Results A total of 140 pandemic H1N1 cases including 92 from 7 clusters were identified in the four targeted groups. None of them developed into severe infections. Meanwhile, 103 cases of seasonal influenza (98 H3N2 and 5 H1N1) and 10 clusters of seasonal H3N2 influenza were also identified. Among them, 38 pandemic H1N1 and two seasonal H3N2 influenza cases were air travellers, suggesting that air travel facilitates the spread of pandemic and seasonal influenza even in the northern hemisphere summer. In addition, it was found that pandemic H1N1 and seasonal H3N2 influenza viruses co‐circulated in two clusters. No significant mutations were found in the hemagglutinin gene sequences of pandemic H1N1 viruses, but the seasonal H3N2 influenza viruses have become genetically distinguishable from those circulating in 2007–2008.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Emergency surveillance of influenza during 2009 in the Chinese city of Qingdao

Wang

Yang

Liu

et al. 2010

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses

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“…In contrast to previous studies where only human influenza isolates have been analysed (for examples, see [24,25]), we chose to incorporate sequences from isolates of both human and animal origin, as it is widely expected that the next pandemic influenza strain will evolve from an animal, most likely avian, strain. Further justification for this approach is provided by published data showing that (i) animal influenza sequences have been incorporated into circulating human influenza viruses by genetic re-assortment [26,27] and (ii) that swine act as a long-term reservoir and genetic 'melting pot' for avian, human and swine viruses [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic multi‐epitope peptides identified in silico induce protective immunity against multiple influenza serotypes

Stoloff

Caparrós-Wanderley

2007

Eur J Immunol

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Influenza causes yearly epidemics of mild disease and, occasionally, pandemics with millions of fatalities. Currently, no vaccine is effective against all influenza strains. Analysis of influenza sequences from animal and human isolates using CLUSTALW and a novel proprietary epitope prediction algorithm identified six conserved T cell‐reactive regions in several proteins. Immunisation of transgenic mice with a preparation of these six regions as chemically synthesised peptides (FLU‐v) induced a specific HLA‐A*0201‐mediated CD8+ T cell response. This T cell population also reacted against human cells infected with three non‐related influenza strains, confirming that the identified regions contain epitopes naturally presented by infected human cells and conserved amongst non‐related viruses. Moreover, FLU‐v immunisation significantly increased survival of transgenic mice against lethal challenge with influenza. Overall, FLU‐v represents a promising influenza vaccine candidate, obviating the need for yearly vaccinations and allowing the stockpiling and initiation of a worldwide vaccination program in advance of a pandemic outbreak.

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“…Influenza isolates were identified using HA inhibition assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing methods similar to those previously described for influenza H3N2 and B viruses. 25,26 If the 2 methods yielded different results, the PCR sequence was used to determine antigenic similarity to the vaccine. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded on the diary card and were defined for this study as any clinically significant event (following administration of the vaccine dose), including but not limited to the following events: (1) those that required prescription or nonprescription medication within 15 days postvaccination (days 0 -14), (2) those that required an unscheduled healthcare provider visit or consultation within 28 days of vaccination, (3) those that resulted in study termination, or (4) any other clinically significant event occurring at any point during the study period.…”

Section: Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%