Molecular imprinting resonance light scattering nanoprobes based on pH-responsive metal-organic framework for determination of hepatitis A virus

Metal-organic frameworks for virus detection

“…Antigen can stimulate the immune response to produce antibodies, mainly including the proteins on the virus surface (such as the capsid protein p24 of HIV ( Du et al 2019 )). Considering the high infectivity and pathogenicity of viruses, the vaccines which have been attenuated or inactivated but maintain the structure of the outer shell of virus ( Luo et al 2020b ; Yang et al 2020 ) and the specific proteins on the surface of virus ( Du et al 2019 ) are usually adopted to replace the viruses or actual samples ( Liu et al 2018a ) for MOF-based virus antigen detection in actual research. Many alternative methods have been developed for detecting viral antigens, such as electrochemiluminescent immunosensing ( Ma et al 2016 ), immunochromatographic assay ( Liu et al 2020a ), sandwich-immunoassay LSPR chip ( Kim et al 2018 ), double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ( Niu et al 2020 ; Sila-On et al 2020 ), immunofluorescence ( Kuberski and Rosen 1977 ), etc., but the selectivity and sensitivity still need to be further ameliorated.…”

“…Many alternative methods have been developed for detecting viral antigens, such as electrochemiluminescent immunosensing ( Ma et al 2016 ), immunochromatographic assay ( Liu et al 2020a ), sandwich-immunoassay LSPR chip ( Kim et al 2018 ), double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ( Niu et al 2020 ; Sila-On et al 2020 ), immunofluorescence ( Kuberski and Rosen 1977 ), etc., but the selectivity and sensitivity still need to be further ameliorated. Taking advantage of the MOF-based detection platform, many viruses have been successfully detected by antigen detection methods, such as Avian leukosis virus (ALV) ( Liu et al 2018a ), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) ( Yang et al 2020 ), HIV ( Du et al 2019 ), hepatitis A virus (HAV) ( Luo et al 2020b ), which are mainly based on the ELISA and molecular imprinting technology.…”

“…MOFs with advantages of large specific surface area, high porosity, fluorescence quenching, high loading efficiency, easy functionalization, and tunable pore size ( Agostoni et al, 2015 ; Li et al, 1999 ; Rowsell and Yaghi, 2004 ) have gained considerable attention in many aspects, such as adsorption ( Ghanbari et al, 2020 ), separation ( Tang and Tanase, 2020 ), catalysis ( Li et al, 2019a ), energy storage ( Li et al, 2020a ), biosensing and bioimaging ( Carrasco, 2018 ; Li et al, 2020b ; Wang, 2017 ; Yang et al, 2019a ), drug delivery ( He et al, 2019b ; Wang et al, 2020a , Wang et al, 2020b ; Wu and Yang, 2017 ; Yang et al, 2018 ; Zhang et al, 2020a ; Zhong et al, 2019 ), cancer immunotherapy ( Zhong et al, 2019 ; Zhong and Sun, 2020 ), etc. Among them, biosensing is a promising direction with the following advantages: (1) large specific surface areas and high porosity for probe adsorption and fluorescence quenching ( Luo et al, 2020b ); (2) adjustable pores with particular shape and sizes via building blocks with different lengths ( Deng et al, 2012 ); (3) the selectivity enabled by the specific pore size allowing small molecules enter while excluding large molecules ( Guo et al, 2015 ); (4) the abundant functional groups and positively charged metal ions provide various interactions, such as electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking for adsorption of fluorophore-labeled probes ( Zhang et al, 2014a ); ( Fig. 1 ) (5) the reduced background fluorescence signals and enhanced sensitivities by MOFs ( Fang et al, 2014 ; Qin et al, 2016 ).…”

“…In 2013, Chen and coworkers ( Zhu et al, 2013 ) first reported two dimensional (2D) MOF ([Cu(H 2 DTOA)] n ) which was utilized as a sensing platform for effective detection of thrombin and HIV-1 DNA sequences with high selectivity and sensitivity. Currently, MOF-based sensing technology has been gradually used for detecting various viruses, involving HIV ss-DNA ( Pan et al, 2018 ; Zhu et al, 2013 ), HIV ds-DNA ( Chen et al, 2013 ), respiratory syncytial virus ( Guo et al, 2015 ), Ebola virus ( Qin et al, 2016 ), Sudan virus ( Yang et al, 2015 ), Zika virus ( Xie et al, 2018 ), Dengue virus ( Xie et al, 2018 ), H 5 N 1 virus ( Wei, 2013 ), hepatitis A virus (HAV) ( Luo et al, 2020b ), etc. And extensive MOFs or MOF-derived porous carbon materials including UiO-66-NH 2 ( Zhang et al, 2014a ), ZIF-8 ( Pan et al, 2018 ), MIL-88B ( Tian et al, 2015 ), MIL-101 ( Yang et al, 2020 ), H 2 dtoaCu ( Ye et al, 2014 ), NiCo 2 O 4 embedded with carbon nanotubes (NiCo-MOF) ( Jia et al, 2019 ), etc., have been applied for virus detection.…”

“Monoclonal-Type” Plastic Antibodies for COVID-19 Treatment: What Is the Idea?

“…In the first work, [ 11 ] a magnetic surface molecularly imprinted-resonance light scattering sensor was prepared using Fe 3 O 4 microspheres coated by silicon as imprinting substrates and aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) as functional monomers for fixing JEV through a polymerization process of tetraethyl-orthosilicate (TEOS). In the second one [ 12 ], molecular imprinting resonance light scattering nanoprobes able to selectively bind HAV were fabricated using pH-responsive metal-organic frameworks.…”