For decades, people have made many efforts to improve air quality. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the chemical and textile industries are indeed listed as serious problems that need to be controlled to avoid the emission of toxic substances and reduce the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere. In this study, a novel β-cyclodextrin-metal-organic framework (β-CD-MOF) was produced by a green and simple method to achieve the goal of making environmentally friendly adsorption materials through a green process. Compared with pure β-CD (the specific surface area is only 22 m2/g), β-CD-MOF has higher crystallinity and larger specific surface area (up to 869 m2/g). Through the dynamic acetone adsorption device, the adsorption capacity of β-CD-MOF for acetone can reach 211 mg/g at room temperature, which is higher than that of activated carbon (the adsorption capacity is only about 192 mg/g). In addition, the adsorption of acetone by β-CD-MOF is a single-layer physical adsorption behavior through isothermal adsorption simulation, and it is known from the kinetic simulation that the adsorption mainly occurs on the surface, and the limiting condition of the adsorption is mainly external mass transfer. According to the results of thermodynamic analysis, the adsorption reaction is a spontaneous and exothermic reaction. Because the adsorption is a physical adsorption behavior, β-CD-MOF adsorbent has good reusability. After four cycling experiments, the adsorption capacity of acetone is only reduced by about 10%. This research has provided an environmentally friendly, low-cost, and high-efficiency solution for the removal of VOCs.