Molecular mechanisms of exercise contributing to tissue regeneration

Abstract

Physical activity has been known as an essential element to promote human health for centuries. Thus, exercise intervention is encouraged to battle against sedentary lifestyle. Recent rapid advances in molecular biotechnology have demonstrated that both endurance and resistance exercise training, two traditional types of exercise, trigger a series of physiological responses, unraveling the mechanisms of exercise regulating on the human body. Therefore, exercise has been expected as a candidate approach of alleviating a wide range of diseases, such as metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, tumors, and cardiovascular diseases. In particular, the capacity of exercise to promote tissue regeneration has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades. Since most adult human organs have a weak regenerative capacity, it is currently a key challenge in regenerative medicine to improve the efficiency of tissue regeneration. As research progresses, exercise-induced tissue regeneration seems to provide a novel approach for fighting against injury or senescence, establishing strong theoretical basis for more and more “exercise mimetics.” These drugs are acting as the pharmaceutical alternatives of those individuals who cannot experience the benefits of exercise. Here, we comprehensively provide a description of the benefits of exercise on tissue regeneration in diverse organs, mainly focusing on musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. We also discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the regenerative effects of exercise and emerging therapeutic exercise mimetics for regeneration, as well as the associated opportunities and challenges. We aim to describe an integrated perspective on the current advances of distinct physiological mechanisms associated with exercise-induced tissue regeneration on various organs and facilitate the development of drugs that mimics the benefits of exercise.

Effect of concurrent aerobic exercise and bone marrow stromal cell transplantation on time-dependent changes of myogenic differentiation-related cascades in soleus muscle after sciatic nerve injury

“…# P< 0.05, ## P< 0.01 vs. SED group. mTOR and MRF signaling networks has been known as a specific regulator to prevent atrophy in the denervated muscles (Brooks and Myburgh, 2014), and these mechanisms is stimulated by anaerobic exercise and cell transplantation approaches applied during denervation period (Chen et al, 2022;Cho and Seo, 2021). Proteins-regulated kinase Akt is upstream protein to lead to activation of mTOR signaling pathway, whose downstream substrate including p70S6K not only promote protein synthesis but also inhibit muscle atrophy (Yin et al, 2020).…”

Short term effects of a novel combined approach compared with physical therapy alone among older patients with temporomandibular degenerative joint disease: a prospective cohort study

“…Physical exercise is the basis of rehabilitation for musculoskeletal diseases [ 46 ]. Physical exercise can restore normal functionality by changing sensory input; reducing inflammation, pain, and muscular activity; improving muscle coordination and strength; and promoting tissue repair and regeneration [ 47 ]. Emerging evidence emphasizes that chronic musculoskeletal pain disease treatments, including exercise training for the surrounding musculoskeletal system and changes in cortical neuroplasticity caused by chronic pain, provide the greatest potential for successful rehabilitation [ 48 ].…”

The role of efferocytosis‐fueled macrophage metabolism in the resolution of inflammation

“…Exercise is well-known to generate lactate, promote anti-inflammatory signaling, and enhance tissue repair. [160][161][162] This exercise-induced resolution-repair program repairs skeletal muscle that becomes injured through exercise. 163 The process is initiated by the recruitment of pro-inflammatory Ly6c hi monocytes by the chemokine CCL2.…”