Molecular mechanisms of hematological and biochemical alterations in malaria: A review

Okagu, Innocent Uzochukwu; Aguchem, Rita Ngozi; Ezema, Chuka; Ezeorba, Timothy Prince Chidike; Eje, Ozoemena Emmanuel; Ndefo, Joseph Chinedum

doi:10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111446

Cited by 12 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 192 publications

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“…Malaria causes blood coagulation disorders, which contribute to inflammation and organ failure 10 . This is due to the sequestration of parasitized red blood cells in the microcirculation, generation of cytokines, and activation of the coagulation system in malaria patients 11 . Hence, malaria parasite-infected red blood cells enhance tissue factor expression by endothelial cells and support the assembly of coagulation complexes, generation of thrombin, activation of platelets, generation of microthrombi, and activation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation 12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Status of selected biochemical and coagulation profiles and platelet count in malaria and malaria-Schistosoma mansoni co-infection among patients attending at Dembiya selected Health Institutions, Northwest Ethiopia

Abebe,

Asmare,

Wondmagegn

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Malaria and schistosomiasis are infectious diseases that cause coagulation disorders, biochemical abnormalities, and thrombocytopenia. Malaria and Schistosoma mansoni co-infection cause exacerbations of health consequences and co-morbidities.This study aimed to compare the effect of malaria and Schistosoma mansoni co-infection and malaria infection on selected biochemical and coagulation profiles, and platelet count. An institutional-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from March 30 to August 10, 2022. A total of 70 individuals were enrolled in the study using a convenient sampling technique. Wet mount and Kato Katz techniques were conducted to detect Schistosoma mansoni in a stool sample. Blood films were prepared for the detection of plasmodium. The data was coded and entered into EpiData version 3.1 before being analyzed with SPSS version 25. An independent t test was used during data analysis. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean [SD] of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin in the co-infected was higher than in malaria infected participants. However, the mean of total protein and glucose in co-infected was lower than in the malaria infected participants. The mean of prothrombin time, international normalization ratio, and activated partial thromboplastin time in co-infected was significantly higher, while the platelet count was lower compared to malaria infected participants. Biochemical and coagulation profiles, and platelet count status in co-infection were changed compared to malaria infected participants. Therefore, biochemical and coagulation profiles and platelet count tests should be used to monitor and manage co-infection related complications and to reduce co-infection associated morbidity and mortality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, malaria induces biochemical changes within the host 11 . Sporozoites invade hepatocytes in the liver stage, causing organ congestion, sinusoidal blockage, and cellular inflammation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status of selected biochemical and coagulation profiles and platelet count in malaria and malaria-Schistosoma mansoni co-infection among patients attending at Dembiya selected Health Institutions, Northwest Ethiopia

Abebe,

Asmare,

Wondmagegn

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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“…Plasmodium spp. depend on the host for some of the lipids necessary for their growth and development because some of their important lipids cannot be produced via intraerythrocytic biosynthesis ( Okagu et al, 2022 ). By enhancing lipid absorption, de novo synthesis, lowering cellular uptake, and/or other strategies, the parasite manipulates the host’s circulating lipid levels to maximize the availability of these vital lipids.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another issue is the challenges that face the long list of anti-malarial drugs involving quinine, primaquine, chloroquine, and artemisinin and their byproducts. For example, the widespread resistance to a single therapy ( Alven & Aderibigbe, 2020 ), (2) the unfavorable physiochemical side effects, (3) the complex pathogenesis of the ( Okagu et al, 2022 ), and the intensive sequestration of the parasites that hinder parasite clearance and reduce the efficacy of artemisinin. Accordingly, recent therapeutic means have been explored to restore the biochemical and physiological norms by killing Plasmodium while evading toxic side effects ( Okagu et al, 2022 ; Kluck et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the widespread resistance to a single therapy ( Alven & Aderibigbe, 2020 ), (2) the unfavorable physiochemical side effects, (3) the complex pathogenesis of the ( Okagu et al, 2022 ), and the intensive sequestration of the parasites that hinder parasite clearance and reduce the efficacy of artemisinin. Accordingly, recent therapeutic means have been explored to restore the biochemical and physiological norms by killing Plasmodium while evading toxic side effects ( Okagu et al, 2022 ; Kluck et al, 2019 ). Yet, nano-medicine and medicinal plant extracts appeared to be efficient antimalarial agents ( Patra et al, 2018 ; Laryea & Borquaye, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malaria: biochemical, physiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic updates

El Saftawy,

Farag,

Gebreil

et al. 2024

PeerJ

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Background Malaria has been appraised as a significant vector-borne parasitic disease with grave morbidity and high-rate mortality. Several challenges have been confronting the efficient diagnosis and treatment of malaria. Method Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB) were all used to gather articles. Results Diverse biochemical and physiological indices can mirror complicated malaria e.g., hypoglycemia, dyslipidemia, elevated renal and hepatic functions in addition to the lower antioxidant capacity that does not only destroy the parasite but also induces endothelial damage. Multiple trials have been conducted to improve recent points of care in malaria involving biosensors, lap on-chip, and microdevices technology. Regarding recent therapeutic trials, chemical falcipain inhibitors and plant extracts with anti-plasmodial activities are presented. Moreover, antimalaria nano-medicine and the emergence of nanocarrier (either active or passive) in drug transportation are promising. The combination therapeutic trials e.g., amodiaquine + artemether + lumefantrine are presented to safely counterbalance the emerging drug resistance in addition to the Tafenoquine as a new anti-relapse therapy. Conclusion Recognizing the pathophysiology indices potentiate diagnosis of malaria. The new points of care can smartly manipulate the biochemical and hematological alterations for a more sensitive and specific diagnosis of malaria. Nano-medicine appeared promising. Chemical and plant extracts remain points of research.

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Escaping the enemy’s bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response

2023

Self Cite

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Malaria continues to cause untold hardship to inhabitants of malaria-endemic regions, causing significant morbidity and mortality that severely impact global health and the economy. Considering the complex life cycle of malaria parasites (MPs) and malaria biology, continued research efforts are ongoing to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of the diseases. Female Anopheles mosquito injects MPs into its hosts during a blood meal, and MPs invade the host skin and the hepatocytes without causing any serious symptoms. Symptomatic infections occur only during the erythrocytic stage. In most cases, the host’s innate immunity (for malaria-naïve individuals) and adaptive immunity (for pre-exposed individuals) mount severe attacks and destroy most MPs. It is increasingly understood that MPs have developed several mechanisms to escape from the host’s immune destruction. This review presents recent knowledge on how the host’s immune system destroys invading MPs as well as MPs survival or host immune evasion mechanisms. On the invasion of host cells, MPs release molecules that bind to cell surface receptors to reprogram the host in a way to lose the capacity to destroy them. MPs also hide from the host immune cells by inducing the clustering of both infected and uninfected erythrocytes (rosettes), as well as inducing endothelial activation. We hope this review will inspire more research to provide a complete understanding of malaria biology and promote interventions to eradicate the notorious disease.

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Molecular mechanisms of hematological and biochemical alterations in malaria: A review

Cited by 12 publications

References 192 publications

Status of selected biochemical and coagulation profiles and platelet count in malaria and malaria-Schistosoma mansoni co-infection among patients attending at Dembiya selected Health Institutions, Northwest Ethiopia

Status of selected biochemical and coagulation profiles and platelet count in malaria and malaria-Schistosoma mansoni co-infection among patients attending at Dembiya selected Health Institutions, Northwest Ethiopia

Malaria: biochemical, physiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic updates

Escaping the enemy’s bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response

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