Molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoid-phalloid fungi with an establishment of the new subclass Phallomycetidae and two new orders

Abstract

Molecular phylogenetic analyses for the gomphoid-phalloid fungi were conducted based on the five gene dataset with extensive taxon sampling. The monophyly of the gomphoid-phalloid clade was strongly supported, and four well supported major subclades were recognized. Three of the four subclades were represented entirely by gastroid taxa, and only Gomphales contained both gastroid and nongastroid taxa. While the gastroid morphology is derived from epigeous, nongastroid taxa in Gomphales, the topology of Phallales indicated that truffle-like form is an ancestral morphology of the stinkhorn fruiting bodies. Although basidiospore maturation occurs within the enclosed fruiting bodies of the stinkhorn, the elevation of the mature sporeproducing tissue represents an independent origin of the stipe among Basidiomycota. Comparisons are made between previous and new classification schemes, which are based on the results of phylogenetic analyses. Based on the results of these analyses, a new subclass Phallomycetidae, and two new orders, Hysterangiales and Geastrales, are proposed.

Dating the emergence of truffle-like fungi in Australia, by using an augmented meta-analysis

“…Peintner et al 2001;Lebel and Syme 2012). In contrast, there are also examples of sequestrate genera that are monophyletic in lineages such as the Hysterangiales and the Boletaceae (Hosaka et al 2006;. Some families have both independent sequestrate genera and genera that contain mixtures of non-sequestrate and sequestrate taxa, such as in the Agaricaceae, where the sequestrate Endoptychum has been subsumed within Chlorophyllum, Agaricus and Macrolepiota, but the monotypic Barcheria is an independent sequestrate genus (Lebel and Syme 2012).…”

“…Starting trees (shared across runs) were reconstructed for each lineage using RAxML (Stamatakis 2006). The substitution model used was the general time-reversible model with parameters that estimated the proportion of invariable sites and that accommodated rate heterogeneity (GTR+I+G), which followed previous studies (Hosaka et al 2006;Matheny et al 2009;Baroni and Matheny 2011;Skrede et al 2011; Matheny , 2012Lebel and Syme 2012). Where alignments from multiple loci were available, each locus was unlinked for the substitution model and clock rate and then linked for the tree topology and node ages.…”

“…The tree was modelled by the Yule process with a yule.birthrate prior also of 0-1 units. The starting tree for the Phallomycetidae was constrained to maintain larger inclusive clades (orders) recovered by Hosaka et al (2006). A secondary calibration method (Renner 2005;Matheny et al 2009) was used to date the nine newly created phylogenies.…”

New distributional data on Geastrum (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota) from Brazil

“…(Ponce de León 1968, Sunhede 1989, Domínguez de Toledo 1996, Kasuya et al 2009). Currently, it is accepted that geastroid species are related to gomphoid/phalloid fungi (Hosaka et al 2006).…”

Diversity, population genetics, and evolution of macrofungi associated with animals

“…The order used to include two families Clathraceae and Phallaceae, with the shared and diagnostic feature of the peridium breaking down at maturity. Based on a phylogenetic analysis using molecular data, a study by Hosaka et al (2006) suggested that the order Phallales should include six families (Clathraceae, Claustulaceae, Lysuriaceae, Phallaceae, Protophallaceae, and Trappeaceae) including some species with peridium not breaking down at maturity. Economically, the order Phallales includes many edible and medicinal species, such as the “veiled lady mushroom,” Phallus indusiatus (syn.…”