Molecular phylogeny and divergence time of &lt;I&gt;Trachypithecus&lt;/I&gt;: with implications for the taxonomy of &lt;I&gt;T. phayrei&lt;/I&gt;

He, Kai; Hu, Naiqing; Orkin, Joseph D.; Nyein, Daw Thida; Ma, Chunyan; Xiao, Wen; Fan, Peng‐Fei; Jiang, Xue‐Long

doi:10.3724/sp.j.1141.2012.e05-06e104

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The Indo-Chinese gray langur (T. crepusculus) was recently elevated to full species status. Previously it was considered a subspecies of T. phayrei [He et al, 2012;Liedigk et al, 2009]. Nearly all published ecological information on this species comes from a long-term investigation of three groups in Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand [Koenig et al, 2004a;Koenig & Borries, 2012].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High dietary diversity supports large group size in Indo‐Chinese gray langurs in Wuliangshan, Yunnan, China

Fan

Garber

et al. 2014

American J Primatol

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Identifying ecological factors underlying primate group size has been a central theme in primate behavioral ecology. The ecological constraints model proposes that increased group size leads to enhanced within-group feeding competition, necessitating increased travel to encounter additional or more productive feeding sites. Over the course of three years, we studied the largest known group (>80 individuals) of Trachypithecus crepusculus (Indo-Chinese gray langur) for 1738 hours during 213 days (including 96 full day follows) in Wuliangshan, China. During this period, group size increased from 81 individuals to over 90 individuals. The group consumed plant parts from 27 ± 8 (range: 15-51) species per month, and a total 148 plant species during the study. Based on time spent feeding, the diet was similar (54.2% leaves and 32.1% fruit and seeds) to that reported for other colobines. Despite occupying a home range several times larger than other groups of Trachypithecus, we found no evidence of an increase in daily path length with increasing group size, and the group's time budget and daily path length remained relatively constant despite marked monthly changes in dietary pattern (e.g. time spent exploiting fruit and seeds vs. buds and young leaves, vs. mature leaves). These results are inconsistent with many of the predictions of the ecological constraints model. Rather, our data suggest that high dietary diversity and the ability to exploit difficult to digest foods enabled Indo-Chinese gray langurs to reduce opportunities for feeding competition associated with increased group size.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High dietary diversity supports large group size in Indo‐Chinese gray langurs in Wuliangshan, Yunnan, China

Fan

Garber

et al. 2014

American J Primatol

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“…Trachypithecus are leaf monkeys which are related to more common hanuman langurs, which form the genus Semnopithecus. Trachypithecus consists of about 16 species, out of which three are found in northeast India: Trachypithecus pileatus (capped langur) , T. geei (golden langur) and T. phayrei (Phayre’s leaf monkey) (He et al, 2012; Roos et al, 2020; Wang et al, 2012). We were able to get samples and location data for all the three species and analysed demography and historical distribution for them.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical demography and species distribution models shed light on past speciation in primates of northeast India

Trivedi

Arekar

Umapathy

2023

Preprint

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Objectives: To ascertain the effect of historical demography and past climate change as the drivers of diversity in northeast India. Materials and methods: We took the variant called whole genome files of nine species present in the northeast India from Primate genome sequencing consortium work and assessed each species historic effective population size by using Multiple Sequentially Markovian Coalescent (MSMC) tool. We also constructed species distribution models on past (Pliocene and Pleistocene) and present climate with Maxent, by utilizing publicly available distribution data for each species. Results: We got the effective population sizes for 10 million years ago at most, though we considered the data only till 3.3 million years. All species showed rise and decline at various time periods. The species distribution models showed disparate distribution at all three time points with a genera-wise pattern emerging. Discussion: We found that the evolutionary trajectories of all the four genera into consideration, Macaca, Trachypithecus, Hoolock and Nycticebus are different from each other. Species in Macaca looks to be evolved in northeast as well as come from southeast Asia. Some species of Trachypithecus seems to radiated in the northeast India. Similarly, Hoolock has evolved in the region and Nycticebus is predicted have arrived from Indochina in the region. Hence, this study provides unique insights to the evolutionary dynamics for primate species in the northeast India.

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“…Wuliang ( Ma et al, 2015 ). Its conservation status has not yet been assessed by the IUCN because it was not considered a separate species until recently ( He et al, 2012 ; Mittermeier et al, 2013 ; Rowe & Myers, 2016 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living in forests: strata use by Indo-Chinese gray langurs (<i>Trachypithecus crepusculus</i>) and the effect of forest cover on <i>Trachypithecus</i> terrestriality

Xiong

Yang

et al. 2020

Zoological Research

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Studies on behavioral flexibility in response to habitat differences and degradation are crucial for developing conservation strategies for endangered species. Trachypithecus species inhabit various habitats and display different patterns of strata use; however, the effect of habitat structure on strata use remains poorly studied. Here, we investigated strata use patterns of Indo-Chinese gray langurs ( Trachypithecus crepusculus ) in a primary evergreen forest in Mt. Wuliang, southwest China, from June 2012 to January 2016. In addition, we compared T. crepusculus strata use and terrestriality with five other Trachypithecus species from previous studies. Unlike langurs living in karst forests, our study group was typically arboreal and spent only 2.9% of time on the ground. The group showed a preference for higher strata when resting and lower strata (<20 m) when moving. The langurs primarily used time on the ground for geophagy, but otherwise avoided the ground during feeding. These strata use patterns are similar to those of limestone langurs ( T. francoisi ) when using continuous forests. At the genus level ( n =6 species), we found a negative relationship between habitat forest cover and terrestriality. This negative relationship was also true for the five limestone langur species, implying limestone langurs increase territoriality in response to decreased forest cover. Our results document behavioral flexibility in strata use of Trachypithecus langurs and highlight the importance of the protection of continuous forests to promote langur conservation.

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Molecular phylogeny and divergence time of <I>Trachypithecus</I>: with implications for the taxonomy of <I>T. phayrei</I>

Cited by 10 publications

References 38 publications

High dietary diversity supports large group size in Indo‐Chinese gray langurs in Wuliangshan, Yunnan, China

High dietary diversity supports large group size in Indo‐Chinese gray langurs in Wuliangshan, Yunnan, China

Historical demography and species distribution models shed light on past speciation in primates of northeast India

Living in forests: strata use by Indo-Chinese gray langurs (<i>Trachypithecus crepusculus</i>) and the effect of forest cover on <i>Trachypithecus</i> terrestriality

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