Molecular phylogeny and timing of evolution ofAnthomyzaand related genera (Diptera: Anthomyzidae)

Abstract

Phylogenetic hypotheses of the relationships of Diptera: Anthomyzidae (61 taxa) are discussed with special reference to the genera Fungomyza Roháček, 1999, Anthomyza Fallén, 1810, Epischnomyia Roháček, 2006 and Arganthomyza Roháček, 2009 based on the analysis of 7 combined mitochondrial + nuclear gene markers in comparison with results of the most recent cladistic analysis of morphological characters. The majority of revealed inter‐ and intrageneric relationships of these genera in both analyses were largely congruent except for the topology of Fungomyza and Arganthomyza being equivocal because of different topologies in phylograms generated by alternative molecular methods and Epischnomyia forming a branch within Anthomyza in the molecular data hypothesis. The formerly unsettled Anthomyza drachma proved to be the sister species of the A. umbrosa group while the affinity of A. flavosterna to the A. bellatrix group has not been confirmed. The first phylogenetic hypothesis of Anthomyzinae to include timing of the nodes of divergence is presented. The origin of the subfamily is dated into the Eocene, ca 37.5 (30.6–45.3) MYA, and agrees with the age of the oldest known fossils from Baltic amber. The analysed members of the Anthomyza group of genera were found to have already evolved in the upper Oligocene. The divergences of the Palaearctic and Nearctic sister species in Arganthomyza and Anthomyza were found to occur at several different times during the Neogene (upper Miocene) to lower Quaternary (Pleistocene), from about 7 to 0.7 MYA. These were likely the result of fragmentation of widespread (Holarctic or Sino‐Japanese–Nearctic) ranges of ancestral taxa by vicariance events that were, in turn, caused by multiple interruptions of Beringia Land Bridges or cooling of climate and seem to be consistent with the times of multiple disjunctions of the flora.

Mumetopia interfeles sp. nov., a new species of Anthomyzidae (Diptera) occurring en masse in an urban grassy habitat in Chile: its taxonomy, phylogeny and biology

“…Furthermore, based on analysis of morphological data, they recognized M. nigrimana (and its numerous undescribed Neotropical relatives) to be most closely related to species of Stiphrosoma, not to M. occipitalis. Subsequent phylogenetic hypotheses based on analyses of molecular data (Roháček & Tóthová 2014;Roháček et al 2019) have confirmed the above relationships. Currently, there are four named species affiliated with the genus Mumetopia, but only three of them belong, in fact, to the genus (in the restricted concept, see Roháček & Barber 2009), viz., M. occipitalis (widespread in North America), M. messor Roháček & Barber, 2009 (Ecuador) and M. taeniata Roháček & Barber, 2009 (Colombia).…”

“…Except for two additions (M. interfeles sp. nov. and Stiphrosoma stylatum Roháček & Barber, 2005), they are listed in full (with names, authors and source localities of analysed specimens) in Roháček et al (2019: table 1, most species) and Barber & Roháček (2020: table 1, species of Carexomyza Roháček, 2009). We used one specimen per species except for an unnamed species of the M. nigrimana group, of which we processed two specimens.…”

“…The adult flies used for analysis were air-dried or ethanol-preserved. The molecular procedures and protocols are fully documented in Roháček et al (2019). GenBank accession numbers for the sequences are listed in Roháček et al (2019: 748-750, table 1) and Barber & Roháček (2020: 72, table 1) so only those of M. interfeles sp.…”

“…Alignment protocols are fully outlined in Roháček et al (2019). The final dataset consisted of 68 specimens as terminal ʻtaxaʼ (67 species) and 4583 characters: 12S -349 bp, 16S -361 bp, 28S -614 bp, COI -1248 bp, COII -633 bp, CytB -646 bp, ITS2 -732 bp.…”

“…3.2) and maximum likelihood (RAxML ver. 8.2.12) analyses were performed (for details see Roháček et al 2019). The node support values are given with the posterior probability (PP) above the nodes (if value > 0.5) and the bootstrap value (BV) below the nodes in the resulting tree depicted in Fig.…”