“…The conserved regions are not significantly different among microbial species, while the hypervariable regions showed species specificity which altered with the difference of affiliation. At present, 16S rDNA sequencing technology has been widely used in microbial diversity research on animal flora, such as nematodes (Razia, Karthikraja, Padmanaban, Chellapandi, & Sivaramakrishnan, ), pigs (Qin et al., ), planthoppers (Yeh, Yang, & Hui, ), shrimps (Li, Xu, & Kou, ), fish (Pandey & Rajagopal, ), cattle and sheep (Gamal, Ahmed, Ahmed, & Teleb, ), bacterial and fungal pathogens, such as Cucumber wilt (Du et al., ), bacteremia (Alfonso et al., ), otitis media (Priit & Jelena, ), as well as soil microbial (Rana, Nidhal, & Abed, ), acid mine (Xie et al., ), and biological desulfurization (Lv et al., ). Besides, 16S rDNA is also considered as an important indicator for the classification of microorganisms in fermented foods such as industrial vinegar (Trček, Lipoglavšek, & Avguštin, ; Trček, Mahnič, & Rupnik, ), Chinese cereal vinegar (Li et al., ), grain vinegar (Wang, Zhang, & Gui, ), coconut vinegar (Mohamad, Yeap, & Ky, ), wine‐soaked vinegar (Trček et al., , ), apple vinegar (Štornik, Skok, & Trček, ), and other food microbial fermentation products.…”