Molecular Phylogeny of the Animal Kingdom

Field, Katharine G.; Olsen, Gary J.; Lane, David; Giovannoni, Stephen J.; Ghiselin, Michael T.; Raff, Elizabeth C.; Pace, Norman R.; Raff, Rudolf A.

doi:10.1126/science.3277277

Cited by 691 publications

(280 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Tunicates are regarded as a key group in chordate phylogenesis (Hori and Osawa 1987;Field et al 1988;Zeng and Swalla 2005;Swalla et al 2000) and have recently been proposed as the sister group of vertebrates (Delsuc et al 2006). The debate regarding chordate phylogenetic relationships has further enhanced interest in considerations of ascidians (a class of tunicates) as an unique experimental system for evolutionary immunological studies on the emergence of vertebrate immunity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced expression of a cloned and sequenced Ciona intestinalis TNFα-like (CiTNFα) gene during the LPS-induced inflammatory response

et al. 2008

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A tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)-like gene from Ciona intestinalis (CiTNFα-like) body wall challenged with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was cloned and sequenced 4 h after LPS inoculation. An open reading frame of 936 bp encoding a propeptide of 312 amino acids (35.4 kDa) displaying a transmembrane domain from positions 7 to 29, a TACE cleavage site, and a mature peptide domain of 185 amino acids (20.9 kDa), was determined with a predicted isoelectric point of 9.4. The phylogenetic tree based on deduced amino acid sequences of invertebrate TNF-like protein and vertebrate TNFs supported the divergence between the ascidian and vertebrate TNF families, whereas D. melanogaster Eiger A and B TNF-like sequences were distinctly separated from the chordate TNFs. Thus, the ascidian TNFα-like cytokine was upregulated by in vivo LPS challenge supporting its proinflammatory role. In the pharynx, increased expression levels were found following analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction, whereas in situ hybridization assay showed positive hemocytes both in the tissue and in circulating hemocytes. Finally, Western blot with monoclonal antibodies disclosed human TNFα epitopes in a 15-kDa protein component of the hemolymph serum and in a 43-kDa protein contained in the hemocyte lysate supernatant prepared in the presence of detergents. Both soluble and hemocyte-bound CiTNFα-like protein therefore appeared to be modulated by the LPS challenge.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced expression of a cloned and sequenced Ciona intestinalis TNFα-like (CiTNFα) gene during the LPS-induced inflammatory response

et al. 2008

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“…As someone educated as a comparative anatomist in the traditional sense I did not find it difficult to shift to molecular data [23]. If we talk about 'molecules versus morphology' we may be overlooking the possibility of studying the morphology of molecules.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homology, convergence and parallelism

Ghiselin

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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One contribution of 16 to a discussion meeting issue 'Homology and convergence in nervous system evolution'. Homology is a relation of correspondence between parts of parts of larger wholes. It is used when tracking objects of interest through space and time and in the context of explanatory historical narratives. Homologues can be traced through a genealogical nexus back to a common ancestral precursor. Homology being a transitive relation, homologues remain homologous however much they may come to differ. Analogy is a relationship of correspondence between parts of members of classes having no relationship of common ancestry. Although homology is often treated as an alternative to convergence, the latter is not a kind of correspondence: rather, it is one of a class of processes that also includes divergence and parallelism. These often give rise to misleading appearances (homoplasies). Parallelism can be particularly hard to detect, especially when not accompanied by divergences in some parts of the body.

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“…If the precise amino acid sequence is not crucial for function, The brine shrimp is a 'fast clock' organism; i.e., it demonstrates a high rate of mutation [21]. Many of the a large fraction of the total mutations will be neutral, mutations which produce homologous proteins in difand the sequence will be more subject to rapid change.…”

Section: The Predicted Amino Acid Sequence Of the Psubunit Of The Brimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Artemia is an ancient organism which diverged from a precursor of the vertebrates 0.5-l billion years ago. It is a 'fast clock' organism [21], We report here the molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and predicted amino acid sequence of the /3-subunit of Na,K-ATPase from brine shrimp in the hope of understanding further the molecular architecture of this enzyme and its conservation through evolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular cloning of the β‐subunit of the Na,K‐ATPase in the brine shrimp, Artemia

Bhattacharyya¹,

Bergstrom²,

Hokin³

1990

FEBS Letters

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A cDNA encoding the β‐subunit of the Na,K‐ATPase of brine shrimp (Artemia) has been cloned. Its nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence have been determined. The amino acid sequence shows considerable divergence from that of chicken, dog, human, pig, rat, sheep, Torpedo, and Xenopus. This is not entirely unexpected since brine shrimp is a ‘fast clock’ organism which diverged from the precursor of the vertebrates 0.5–1.0 billion years ago. However, a highly hydrophobic putative transmembrane domain and the carboxy‐terminal domain show considerable conservation. The relatively small degree of conservation in the β‐subunit of Anemia should provide information about the functional significance of this protein.

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Molecular Phylogeny of the Animal Kingdom

Cited by 691 publications

References 48 publications

Enhanced expression of a cloned and sequenced Ciona intestinalis TNFα-like (CiTNFα) gene during the LPS-induced inflammatory response

Enhanced expression of a cloned and sequenced Ciona intestinalis TNFα-like (CiTNFα) gene during the LPS-induced inflammatory response

Homology, convergence and parallelism

Molecular cloning of the β‐subunit of the Na,K‐ATPase in the brine shrimp, Artemia

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