Molecular phylogeny of the Tylenchina and evolution of the female gonoduct (Nematoda: Rhabditida)

Morphological and molecular characterization and phylogenetic position of a new record, Tylenchorhynchus zeae, and some known species of Telotylenchidae Siddiqi,1960 and Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 from Iran

“…Trophurus has a short tail and yet the vulva is in the middle region of the body (Fortuner and Luc, 1987). Bert et al (2008) indicated that monodelphy is an ancestral character for tylenchid nematodes. The position of the Trophurus clade within the Telotylenchinae might indicate that monodelphy in Trophurus is the result of a secondary loss of the posterior genital branch during evolution.…”

“…Results based on sequences of the 28S rDNA also showed that genera such as Amplimerlinius, Merlinius, Geocenamus, Hexadorus (subsequently synonymized with Geocenamus), Nagelus, and Scutylenchus were included with Pratylenchoides in Merliniidae (Subbotin et al, 2006). In other research performing phylogenetic analyses using small subunit rDNA sequences, Amplimerlinius icarus, Nagelus obscurus, Geocenamus quadrifer, G. brevidens, Pratylenchoides magnicauda, and P. ritteri were well separated from the two Telotylenchinae species of Tylenchorhynchus dubius and T. maximus (Bert et al, 2008;Holterman et al, 2009;Palomares-Rius et al, 2009;Van Megen et al, 2009). According to Sturhan (2012), Merliniidae consists two subfamilies: Merliniinae (Geocenamus, Merlinius, Paramerlinius, Macrotylenchus, Amplimerlinius, and Nagelus) and Pratylenchoidinae (Pratylenchoides).…”

Redefinition of Genus Malenchus Andra’ssy, 1968 (Tylenchomorpha: Tylenchidae) with Additional Data on Ecology

“…The resulting virtual specimens are available at http://nematodes.myspecies.info. Extraction and examination of female reproductive system was based on the method of Geraert (1973) and Bert et al (2008). Illustrations were prepared based on LM drawings and modified by Adobe Illustrator CS3 and Adobe Photoshop CS6.…”

Resolving phylogenetic incongruence to articulate homology and phenotypic evolution: a case study from Nematoda

“…In the cases where it does not, the same characters offer a more serious and interesting challenge to conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses. In addition to sensory morphology, carefully dissected female gonoduct characters, at least among groups of cells, have recently been shown to support a clade of Cephalobomorpha and Tylenchomorpha (Bert et al 2008). Evidence for possible congruence in multiple organ systems underscores the potential of a focus on fine levels of morphology.…”

“…An understanding of the basic components of the stomatostylet and pharynx implies that possible parallel evolution of a similar stomatostylet in two close clades (Aphelenchoididae and a clade of all other tylenchids) may not be hopelessly irreconcilable with molecular phylogenies, which challenge the monophyly of stomatostylet-bearing nematodes (Blaxter et al 1998;Holterman et al 2006;Smythe et al 2006;Meldal et al 2007;Bert et al 2008;van Megen et al 2009). Reconstruction of the pharynx with comparison to corresponding cells in Aphelenchoides blastophthorus (Shepherd et al 1980) has shown that commonly referenced pharynx similarities (e.g.…”