Molecular Profiling, Characterization and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Calvatia gigantea and Mycena leaiana Against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens

Abstract

The use of natural products isolated from mushrooms against infection, cancer diseases and other oxidative-stress-related diseases is one of the cornerstones of modern medicine. Therefore, we tried to establish a combination of medicinal mushrooms and nanotechnology possibly with the field of medicine for the development of antibacterial agents against these MDR strains. The aim of the research was to understand the molecular identification, characterization and antibacterial action of Calvatia gigantea and Mycena leaiana. The identification of fruiting body species via morpho-anatomical and molecular methods was necessary to analyze the genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships of mushrooms. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Calvatia from Hunza, Pakistan, exhibited 98% resemblance to the previously discovered Langermannia gigantean (DQ112623) and L. gigantean (LN714562) from northern Europe, and Mycena (Pakistan) showed a 97% similarity to M. leaiana (MF686520) and M. leaiana (MW448623) from the USA. UV-vis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used for AgNPs’ characterization. The UV-vis absorption peak of 500–600 nm indicates the AgNPs’ presence. XRD results determined Calvatia gigantea AgNPs were nanocrystals and Mycena leaiana seems to be amorphous. In addition, SEM results showed the cubic morphology of C. gigantea with a diameter of 65 nm, and the FTIR spectra of fruiting body revealed the presence of functional groups—carboxyl, nitro, and hydroxyl—in AgNPs, which catalyzed the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0. Further antibacterial activity of mushrooms against MDR strains was determined via agar well diffusion assay, and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was estimated by qualitative experimentation using the broth dilution method. All experiments were conducted in triplicate. The results showed that the mushroom AgNPs, along with their synergy and nano-composites (with the exception of Ethyl-acetate), were shown to have zones of inhibition from 4 mm to 29 mm against multidrug-resistant pathogens such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli. The mushroom composites were active against most of the tested microorganisms whilst the lowest MIC value (10–40 mg/mL) was recorded against MDR strains. Hence, the present study suggested the possibility of employing compounds present in mushrooms for the development of new antibacterial agents, as well as efflux pump inhibitors.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Recently Isolated Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical and Aquatic Strains and Demonstration of Silver Nanoparticle Potency

“…Other current studies reported the antibacterial efficiency of Ag NPs synthesized using the flavonoid extract of Perilla frutescens, Calvatia gigantea, Mycena leaiana, and Ocimum sanctum. These formulations showed significant inhibition of several pathogens, including Listeria monocytogens, Enterococcus faecalis, A. baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae, and E. coli [21][22][23]. This research underscores the potential utility of Ag NPs in antimicrobial applications, particularly in addressing MDR strains.…”

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Ganoderma Species and Their Activity against Multi Drug Resistant Pathogens

“…Our research was relate with different previous studies. [1] According to prior research, the most active constituent is water insoluble, therefore more active extracts were dissolved in low polar organic solvents. The highest ZOI of AgNPs was 24 mm against P. aeruginosa and smallest was 10 mm against E. fecalis and A. baumannii.…”

“…[33] The observed bands were compared with standard values to identify the functional groups. FTIR spectra showed absorption bands at 2347.36907, 1749.43, and 1263.37, cm 1 indicating the presence of capping agent with the NPs. The band at 1749.43 cm À 1 corresponds to the amide 1 stretching of C=O, bands at 1,263.37 cm À 1 correspond to the symmetrical deformation of amide III and band at 2347.36907 correspond the presence of hydrogen linked to the carbonyl group in the aldehyde (O=C-H) group, and this is a sign of the presence of non-cyclic monosaccharides.…”

“…Nanotechnology, a rapidly growing field, has a variety of applications in biomedicine, food and engineering due to the exemplary characteristics of nanoparticles, such as biocompatibility, high productivity, speed of production, cost effectiveness and safety. [1] Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are considered potent nano-weapons that can be used as active antimicrobial agents in the extermination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Nanoparticles have enhanced catalytic activity due to their small size and large surface area.…”