Molecular systematics of the butterfly genus Ithomia (Lepidoptera: Ithomiinae): a composite phylogenetic hypothesis based on seven genes

Mallarino, Ricardo; Bermingham, Eldredge; Willmott, Keith R.; Whinnett, Alaine; Jiggins, Chris D.

doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.021

Cited by 53 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Dried wings are retained as vouchers at UCL. Lab protocols closely follow those of Mallarino et al (2005) (Huelsenbeck & Ronquist 2001), with nstZ6 and a gamma rates heterogeneity model, using four simultaneous chains run for 1 000 000 generations, sampling Figure 1. Map of the study area ( Joron et al 1999).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strikingly variable divergence times inferred across an Amazonian butterfly ‘suture zone’

et al. 2005

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'Suture zones' are areas where hybrid and contact zones of multiple taxa are clustered. Such zones have been regarded as strong evidence for allopatric divergence by proponents of the Pleistocene forest refugia theory, a vicariance hypothesis frequently used to explain diversification in the Amazon basin. A central prediction of the refugia and other vicariance theories is that the taxa should have a common history so that divergence times should be coincident among taxa. A suture zone for Ithomiinae butterflies near Tarapoto, NE Peru, was therefore studied to examine divergence times of taxa in contact across the zone. We sequenced 1619 bp of the mitochondrial COI/COII region in 172 individuals of 31 species from across the suture zone. Inferred divergence times differed remarkably, with divergence between some pairs of widespread species (each of which may have two or more subspecies interacting in the zone, as in the genus Melinaea) being considerably less than that between hybridizing subspecies in other genera (for instance in Oleria). Our data therefore strongly refute a simple hypothesis of simultaneous vicariance and suggest that ongoing parapatric or other modes of differentiation in continuous forest may be important in driving diversification in Amazonia.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strikingly variable divergence times inferred across an Amazonian butterfly ‘suture zone’

et al. 2005

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“…58, p. 307), which reflects a combination of unresolved ancestral polymorphism, recent gene flow, and stochastic effects of the coalescent process (59). At this point, any phylogeographic or phylogenetic analysis based on a set of randomly chosen neutral markers is likely to yield discordant results (60)(61)(62)(63)(64). If F st outliers can be identified in such analyses, their gene trees will reflect a clear branching pattern consistent with the phenotypic divergence, but most randomly chosen markers will produce noisy and uninformative phylogenetic patterns (examples in refs.…”

Section: The Two Stages Of Ecological Speciation With Gene Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural selection in action during speciation

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2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

454

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The role of natural selection in speciation, first described by Darwin, has finally been widely accepted. Yet, the nature and time course of the genetic changes that result in speciation remain mysterious. To date, genetic analyses of speciation have focused almost exclusively on retrospective analyses of reproductive isolation between species or subspecies and on hybrid sterility or inviability rather than on ecologically based barriers to gene flow. However, if we are to fully understand the origin of species, we must analyze the process from additional vantage points. By studying the genetic causes of partial reproductive isolation between specialized ecological races, early barriers to gene flow can be identified before they become confounded with other species differences. This population-level approach can reveal patterns that become invisible over time, such as the mosaic nature of the genome early in speciation. Under divergent selection in sympatry, the genomes of incipient species become temporary genetic mosaics in which ecologically important genomic regions resist gene exchange, even as gene flow continues over most of the genome. Analysis of such mosaic genomes suggests that surprisingly large genomic regions around divergently selected quantitative trait loci can be protected from interrace recombination by ''divergence hitchhiking.'' Here, I describe the formation of the genetic mosaic during early ecological speciation, consider the establishment, effects, and transitory nature of divergence hitchhiking around key ecologically important genes, and describe a 2-stage model for genetic divergence during ecological speciation with gene flow. divergence hitchhiking ͉ ecological speciation ͉ reproductive isolation

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“…Biogeographic regions are shown for each species: CA, Central America; NEA, northeastern Andes; SEA, southeastern Andes; WA, western slopes of the Andes; AB, Amazon Basin; SEB, southeastern Brazil. Methods used in tree reconstruction are as described by Mallarino et al (2005). Numbers above branches represent Bayesian support values, while numbers below are parsimony bootstrap support for the same node.…”

Section: Testing For Diversification Associated With Mimicry Changementioning

confidence: 99%

The Phylogenetic Pattern of Speciation and Wing Pattern Change in Neotropical Ithomia Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Jiggins

Mallarino

Willmott

et al. 2006

Evol

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Abstract. Species level phylogenetic hypotheses can be used to explore patterns of divergence and speciation. In the tropics, speciation is commonly attributed to either vicariance, perhaps within climate-induced forest refugia, or ecological speciation caused by niche adaptation. Mimetic butterflies have been used to identify forest refugia as well as in studies of ecological speciation, so they are ideal for discriminating between these two models. The genus Ithomia contains 24 species of warningly colored mimetic butterflies found in South and Central America, and here we use a phylogenetic hypothesis based on seven genes for 23 species to investigate speciation in this group. The history of wing color pattern evolution in the genus was reconstructed using both parsimony and likelihood. The ancestral pattern for the group was almost certainly a transparent butterfly, and there is strong evidence for convergent evolution due to mimicry. A punctuationist model of pattern evolution was a significantly better fit to the data than a gradualist model, demonstrating that pattern changes above the species level were associated with cladogenesis and supporting a model of ecological speciation driven by mimicry adaptation. However, there was only one case of sister species unambiguously differing in pattern, suggesting that some recent speciation events have occurred without pattern shifts. The pattern of geographic overlap between clades over time shows that closely related species are mostly sympatric or, in one case, parapatric. This is consistent with modes of speciation with ongoing gene flow, although rapid range changes following allopatric speciation could give a similar pattern. Patterns of lineage accumulation through time differed significantly from that expected at random, and show that most of the extant species were present by the beginning of the Pleistocene at the latest. Hence Pleistocene refugia are unlikely to have played a major role in Ithomia diversification.

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Molecular systematics of the butterfly genus Ithomia (Lepidoptera: Ithomiinae): a composite phylogenetic hypothesis based on seven genes

Cited by 53 publications

References 41 publications

Strikingly variable divergence times inferred across an Amazonian butterfly ‘suture zone’

Strikingly variable divergence times inferred across an Amazonian butterfly ‘suture zone’

Natural selection in action during speciation

The Phylogenetic Pattern of Speciation and Wing Pattern Change in Neotropical Ithomia Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

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