“…However, utilization of the bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) has drawbacks that include low response, fouling, and low sensitivity. Consequently, chemically modified electrodes have been widely examined, including the use of carbon nanotubes (Luo et al 2008), gold nanoparticles (Chu, Han, and Zhang 2011), Fe2O3 , polymers ), composites , Fan et al 2011, Roy et al 2013, mobile crystalline material-41 (Thatshanamoorthy et al 2014), and hydroxyapatite (Mhammedi et al 2009). However, these materials have limitations that include low yield of the product, difficult preparation, high cost, low sensitivity, and poor precision.…”