“…However, the 3d orbitals of V are in an electron-deficient state, and the ability to adsorb electrons is weak. , Therefore, combining VN with Ni, which has abundant 3d orbital electrons, can induce 3d orbital electron complementarity, such that the electron density between Ni and V is in equilibrium, which regulates the adsorption/desorption of the hydrogen to fulfill the Sabatier principle. , In recent years, researchers have anchored nanoparticles or single atom active phases on N-doped carbon-based material substrates (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, etc. ), which increases simultaneously not only the number of electrocatalytic active centers but also the electrical conductivity for the catalytic material and is an effective approach to improve electrocatalytic performance. − …”