“…Fourth, unconventional monetary policy was supported by an articulation of the transmission of quantitative easing to the real economy, by what Bernanke called the portfolio balance channel. Recently, Wang (2016) , Igan, Kabundi, De Simone, & Tamirisa (2017) , Gertler and Karadi (2015) , and Gertler and Gilchrist (2018) have described the numerous developments that have articulated the transmission of changes from financial variables to the real economy. These and related studies empirically and theoretically articulate the transmission mechanism from interest rates and financial conditions to the macroeconomy by placing the emphasis on the balance sheets of firms, banks, shadow banks, consumers and the Fed.…”