Moniliformin in Norwegian grain

Abstract

Norwegian grain samples (73 oats, 75 barley, 83 wheat) from the 2000-02 growing seasons were examined for contamination with moniliformin, and the association between the fungal metabolite and the number of kernels infected with common Fusaria was investigated. Before quantification of moniliformin using ion pairing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array ultraviolet light detection, all samples were extracted using acetonitrile/water (84/16) and disposable strong anion exchange columns used for clean up. The limit of detection was 40 microg kg(-1). Moniliformin was found in 25, 32 and 76% of the barley, oats and wheat samples, respectively. The maximum concentrations of moniliformin in barley, oats and wheat were 380, 210 and 950 microg kg(-1), respectively. At the same time, the prevalence and infection level of the moniliformin-producing F. avenaceum/arthrosporioides was as high as 100 and >53% on average, respectively. Moniliformin concentrations were significantly correlated to the variables grain species, growing season and infection with F. avenaceum/arthrosporioides and F. culmorum. The survey indicates that the prevalence of moniliformin in Norwegian grain is high, especially in wheat. On the other hand, field conditions in Norway do not seem to favour contamination of grain with high levels of moniliformin.

Associations betweenFusarium species and mycotoxins in oats and spring wheat from farmers’ fields in Norway over a six-year period

“…We detected this toxin in a higher proportion of spring wheat compared to oat samples, and this is also supported by other studies (Uhlig et al, 2004(Uhlig et al, , 2013. Higher maximum levels were observed in our study compared to studies of grains in Northern Europe during the same period (Uhlig et al, 2007(Uhlig et al, , 2013.…”

“…A poor association is often observed between the concentration of HT-2 + T-2 and DON in oats (Bernhoft et al, 2010;Edwards, 2009;Fredlund et al, 2010), which may indicate that the HT-2 and T-2 producers have different environmental requirements and/or epidemiology than the DON producers (Edwards, 2009;Xu et al, 2014). In addition to the above mentioned trichothecenes, Fusarium toxins such as zearalenone (ZEA), moniliformin (MON), enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA) are also frequently detected in Norwegian grains (Bernhoft et al, 2010;Uhlig et al, 2004Uhlig et al, , 2006Uhlig et al, , 2013. For many of these mycotoxins, consequences of chronic exposure have not been explored in detail (Tedjiotsop Feudjio et al, 2010).…”

“…During the 1980During the 's, 1990's and at the beginning of the 21 st century, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium tricinctum, Fusarium culmorum and sometimes Fusarium poae, were reported as the most prevailing Fusarium species in Norwegian wheat, barley and oats (Henriksen and Elen, 2005;Kosiak et al, 2003;Uhlig et al, 2004). In addition, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium langsethiae, Fusarium equiseti, and Fusarium cerealis were often found (Henriksen and Elen, 2005;Kosiak et al, 2003;Uhlig et al, 2004). In 2002, an increased prevalence of F. graminearum was registered in Norwegian grains of barley, oats and wheat (Bernhoft et al, 2010).…”

The occurrence of "emerging" mycotoxins in brewing raw materials.

“…Fusaproliferin se v chladnějším klimatu vyskytuje vzácněji, ve středomoří je jeho vý-skyt občasný -ojedinělá koncentrace 19,6 mg.kg -1 v rýži z Maroka (Sifou et al, 2001). Nejvyšší obsah moniliforminu byl nalezen v norské pšenici -0,95 mg.kg -1 (Uhlig et al, 2004).…”

A critical review of producers of small lactone mycotoxins: patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin

“…Like penicillic acid, moniliformin has also been found in cereals and other plant products (Herrare et al, 2017;Kovalsky et al, 2016;Neme and Mohammed, 2017;Uhlig et al, 2004). An important fact is that while moniliformin is mostly produced by important field-fungi, such as Fusarium spp., penicillic acid is produced by storage fungi only.…”