Monitoring dynamic breast measurements obtained from 4D body scanning

Abstract

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the shape change of breast during movement to inform product development of bras and other female wearable products.Design/methodology/approachUsing the latest 4D body scanning technology, the authors monitored the change of seven non-circumferential breast measurements, including four linear measurements (widths, depth, etc.) and three angular measurements, across nine dynamic scans of a complete gait cycle during running. A series of statistical analysis were conducted to thoroughly investigate the measurement values in dynamic states compared with values extracted from static 3D scans.FindingsMajor findings are as follows: (1) For width-underbust, chest-depth, vertical-acromion and angle ABD, more than half of the dynamic frames presents a significant difference with the static frame. (2) Width-underbust and chest-depth measured in static can underestimate the actual values under motion. (3) vertical-acromion presents a W-shaped general trend for the nine dynamic frames with peaks observed at the keyframes (i.e. when a participant's right or left knee bends the most and rises to its highest level) and lows at the intermediate frames. (4) Angle ABD and angle BAD both present an M-shaped general trend, the exact opposite of a W-shaped trend.Originality/valueWhile 3D body scanning and motion capture systems have both contributed significantly to the study of breast, 4D body scanning incorporates the advantages of both technologies and captures the 3D surface of the body during movement at each instant moment. This is one of the first studies that adopt the new technology for apparel applications.

Comparative study of moisture adaptable breast support using engineered fabric design in seamless knitted sports bras

“…In addition to the basic bust area girth measurements, such as underbust and bust circumferences, the distance between the slices as well as their circumferences can be automatically extracted via connected Anthroscan™ (Version 3.6) software program. Scan slices have been used in the study of compression apparel to visually represent variations in shapes and circumferences (Coltman et al , 2017; Zheng et al , 2007; Gorea and Baytar, 2016; Pei et al , 2021). For this study, breast slice circumference measurements were considered an indication of breasts/bra compression.…”

Ultra-dense Motion Capture: An exploratory full-automatic approach for dense tracking of breast motion in 4D

“…4D scanning systems have been used in ergonomic and anthropometry research to investigate shape changes and deformation patterns during various activities. While the foot [ 19 , 20 , 25 , 26 ] and face [ 21 ] have received more attention, there is a growing interest in applying 4D scanning technology to analyze body and breast dynamics [ 22 – 24 ]. Although only a limited number of studies have explored this area, it has been recognized as having great potential for ergonomics studies and sportswear design [ 18 ].…”

“…For example, while commercial 4D scanners can scan up to a hundred frames per second, [ 22 , 23 ] only extracted 3 frames from each gait cycle for analysis, discarding all data of other frames. In another research, [ 24 ] proposed a simple automatic analysis scheme that slicing the torso mesh horizontally into 50 layers and then dividing each layer into 360 sectors representing angles ranging from -180° to 180°, with one point extracted from each sector. Points from the same slice of layer and sector are regarded as corresponding points among different frames, and their movement is calculated accordingly.…”

Advanced Processing of 4D Body Scanning Technology for the Ergonomic Design of Products and Environments

“…Clothing design, especially technical garments with highly functional fitting requirements such as, for instance, sportwear, bras, and protective clothing. Most 4D scanning publications are focussed on this sector, on applications in garment design and innovation (Ashdown, 2011; Daanen & Reffeltrath, 2007; Klepser & Morlock, 2020; Masaaki Mochimaru, 2010; Masaaki Mochimaru, 2010; Pei et al, 2021; Doudou Zhang et al, 2020), and also on the virtual simulation of clothing (Pons-Moll et al, 2017; D. Zhang, 2021; Kuehn & Kyosev, 2021). In this case, the aim is to use virtual tools to eliminate or reduce the fitting tests with live models that are currently necessary to validate patterns.…”

“…The speed of capture can vary between 10 and 178 frames per second (fps), and the resolution of the surface captured can vary between 1 and 2 mm (Parrilla et al, 2019). Research groups in both academia (Bogo et al, 2014; Pei et al, 2021) and industry (Yang et al, 2020) are setting up new 4D scanning laboratories due to the enormous potential that there is in the fields of ergonomic design, biomechanics, and computer vision.…”