Monitoring of synthetic insecticides resistance and mechanisms among malaria vector mosquitoes in Iran: A systematic review

Abstract

Background: In Iran, the prospect of malaria control relies mainly on insecticides used against the genus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) as important vectors of malaria, arboviruses, and so on. Only eight out of 30 malaria mosquito vectors (Anopheles species) have been examined for insecticide resistance in Iran. This study aimed to review articles related to the incremental trend in insecticide resistance and their mechanisms among anopheline malaria vectors in Iran. Methods: A literature review was conducted based on such search engines as Iran doc, Web of Science, SID, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar websites using the following keywords: "Anopheles," "Malaria," "Resistance," "Vectors," "Insecticide Resistance," and "Iran" for data collection. Published papers in English or Persian covering 1980 to 2020 were reviewed. Results: A total of 1125 articles were screened, only 16 of which were filtered to be pertinent in this review. While most of the mosquito vectors of malaria, such as Anopheles stephensi, were resistant to DDT, dieldrin, malathion, and becoming less susceptible to deltamethrin and other synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, few like Anopheles fluviatilis s. l. were susceptible to all insecticides. A disseminating trend in insecticide resistance among different anopheline mosquito vector species was evident. Metabolic and insecticide target-site resistance mechanisms were involved with organochlorines and pyrethroids, respectively. Conclusions: Insecticide resistance is becoming a severe scourge to the effectiveness of vector-borne disease management measures. This event is especially critical in developing and marginalized communities that applied chemical-based vector elimination programs for malaria; therefore, it is crucial to monitor insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Iran using biochemical and molecular tools.

Anti-mosquito properties of Pelargonium roseum (Geraniaceae) and Juniperus virginiana (Cupressaceae) essential oils against dominant malaria vectors in Africa

“…Before the development of synthetic insecticides, integrative control with a strong focus on larvae sites (mostly mechanical/physical control) were the most common and efficient methods [79]. Botanicals used to combat insects from a long time ago also gained high popularity in the old communities [80].…”

Advances in nanocarriers to improve the stability of dsRNA in the environment

“…Since the discovery of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in 1939, synthetic pesticides have played a vital role in mainstream commercial farming around the world ( Rezende-Teixeira et al, 2022 ). In recent years, with the increase in the frequency and time of the use of chemical pesticides, such problems as pesticide resistance and the re-emergence of insect pests have intensified, resulting in a decrease in the efficiency of insect pest control ( Abbasi et al, 2022 ). Simultaneously, chemical pesticides have introduced many negative effects, including damaging soil and water resources ( Hüesker and Lepenies, 2022 ; Rasool et al, 2022 ), harming human health and that of some non-target organisms, and decimating biodiversity ( Wagner et al, 2021 ).…”

Function of CTLGA9 Amino Acid Residue Leucine-6 in Modulating Cry Toxicity

“…Mosquito control is thus critical to halting the spread of these diseases ( 3 ), there is as yet no effective strategy in this regard. Traditionally, mosquito control is implemented through the use of chemical pesticides, but such compounds may lead to environmental pollution and the emergence of resistant insect species ( 4 , 5 ). Recently, microbiological pesticides have been widely applied and promoted being environmentally safe and highly specific, exerting little influence on non-target organisms while resulting in lower resistance in the target species ( 3 , 6 , 7 ).…”