Monitoring of Watermelon Mosaic Virus 2 in Agriecosystems of Kyiv and Poltava Regions
Abstract: Мета. Ìоніторинã вірусу мозаїки кавуна 2 у аãроценозаõ
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Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is a widespread pathogen capable of infecting plants cultivated in both greenhouse and openfield conditions with equal efficiency. The host range of CGMMV is restricted to cucurbit plants whereas induced crop losses may reach 25–50 %. Despite the wide array of available antiviral techniques, CGMMV could not be completely removed from the seed/planting material. In Ukraine, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus occurs almost exclusively on greenhouse cucumbers. However, data from other countries suggest wide spread of CGMMV on watermelons, melons, cucumbers and squashes grown in both greenhouse and open-field conditions. In this view and taking into account high pathogenicity of CGMMV, we aimed at studying spread of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in Ukraine on cucurbit plants in the open-field conditions. Methods: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, electron microscopy, statistical methods. Results : Spread of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) on cucurbit vegetable crops grown in open-field conditions was analyzed in Ukraine. It was shown that CGMMV is an extremely rare pathogen in open-field conditions in our country. Duringthelast 8 years we have confirmed only several cases of CGMMV infection on cucumbers, squash, pumpkin and melon in Kyiv and Poltava regions. Additionally, half of these cases were mixed infection of 2–3 viruses. From 250 collected samples, CGMMV was detected in 5 plants totaling to only 2,4 %. Importantly, monoinfection of CGMMV was shown exclusively on cucumbers and watermelons, whereas melons and squashes were mixed infected. Melons were typically infected with CGMMV and Watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV 2) or with WMV 2 and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). Squash plants were infected with CGMMV and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV).Consequently, we have checked commercially available seeds of cucumber, squash, zucchini, melon and watermelon from different producers in Ukraine for virus contamination and have confirmed the occurrence of CGMMV in some seed batches. Conclusions: Long-term observations in Ukraine showed that Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus infected mostly cucumbers cultivated in greenhouses and was only rarely found in cucurbits grown in open-field conditions. Screening of commercially available seed material indicated that 16 % of it was contaminated with CGMMV. Basing on available data, it is presumed that virus-contaminated seed material may pose a major threat of CGMMV occurrence and spread on cucurbits cultivated in open-field conditions.
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is a widespread pathogen capable of infecting plants cultivated in both greenhouse and openfield conditions with equal efficiency. The host range of CGMMV is restricted to cucurbit plants whereas induced crop losses may reach 25–50 %. Despite the wide array of available antiviral techniques, CGMMV could not be completely removed from the seed/planting material. In Ukraine, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus occurs almost exclusively on greenhouse cucumbers. However, data from other countries suggest wide spread of CGMMV on watermelons, melons, cucumbers and squashes grown in both greenhouse and open-field conditions. In this view and taking into account high pathogenicity of CGMMV, we aimed at studying spread of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in Ukraine on cucurbit plants in the open-field conditions. Methods: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, electron microscopy, statistical methods. Results : Spread of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) on cucurbit vegetable crops grown in open-field conditions was analyzed in Ukraine. It was shown that CGMMV is an extremely rare pathogen in open-field conditions in our country. Duringthelast 8 years we have confirmed only several cases of CGMMV infection on cucumbers, squash, pumpkin and melon in Kyiv and Poltava regions. Additionally, half of these cases were mixed infection of 2–3 viruses. From 250 collected samples, CGMMV was detected in 5 plants totaling to only 2,4 %. Importantly, monoinfection of CGMMV was shown exclusively on cucumbers and watermelons, whereas melons and squashes were mixed infected. Melons were typically infected with CGMMV and Watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV 2) or with WMV 2 and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). Squash plants were infected with CGMMV and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV).Consequently, we have checked commercially available seeds of cucumber, squash, zucchini, melon and watermelon from different producers in Ukraine for virus contamination and have confirmed the occurrence of CGMMV in some seed batches. Conclusions: Long-term observations in Ukraine showed that Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus infected mostly cucumbers cultivated in greenhouses and was only rarely found in cucurbits grown in open-field conditions. Screening of commercially available seed material indicated that 16 % of it was contaminated with CGMMV. Basing on available data, it is presumed that virus-contaminated seed material may pose a major threat of CGMMV occurrence and spread on cucurbits cultivated in open-field conditions.
The work is aimed at the selection of linear samples of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L. var. Giromontia Duch.) with increased complex resistance to abiotic factors of cultivation – zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), powdery mildew, bacteriosis and other viral pathogens. Selection studies on choosing virus-resistant zucchini lines from the United Kingdom, Italy, the United States and Spain have identified a number of important correlations levels of resistance to ZYMV and to harmful microorganisms and viruses, belonging to other genera. The assessment of the resistance of the selected zucchini lines to the complex of studied diseases was performed on a 9-point scale of the classifier of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). In total, during 2017–2019, 20 lines of zucchini were studied in the field. According to the complex resistance to all pathogens (zucchini yellow mosaic virus, green speckled mosaic, white mosaic and cucumber mosaic, bacteriosis and fusarium wilt), four lines have been identified – LZ 17-11, RVL-19, LZ 17-45 and LZ 17-49, which were resistant at the level of points 7 and 9 on the scale of CMEA. The possibility of selecting potentially resistant linear zucchini genotypes for ZYMV based on correlations with the manifestation of other diseases that occurred in the field has been confirmed. The highest level of correlation 0.59<rp<1.0) is observed when comparing the degree of powdery mildew development and symptoms of ZYMV (17 statistically confirmed values of the pairwise correlation coefficient or 80.95 %). A similar indicator for the pair “bacteriosis/ZYMV” is 14 statistically confirmed values of the pairwise correlation coefficient or 66.67 % (–1.0<rp<0.99), and for the pair “field viruses of other origin/ZYMV” – 11 values, which is 52.38 % (–1.0<rp<0.93). Zucchini samples were identified, in which statistically significant correlations were observed for all pairs of comparative traits. Among them, the variety-standard Chaklun and 4 more lines – LZ 17-1, LZ 17-8, LZ 17-50 and LZ 17-44 (–1.0<rp<0.92). The analysis of correlations shows a complex genetic organization of signs of resistance in zucchini lines to the studied pathogens and a high dependence of the manifestation of these signs on the response of the genotype of the line. One of the proofs of this experimental fact is that in all comparative pairs of indicators of the degree of development of certain diseases there are linear genotypes with both positive and negative values of Pearson correlation coefficients (rp). The high level of statistically significant correlations revealed gives grounds for wide use of correlation analysis in selection work for choosing lines potentially resistant to the complex of the most common diseases in vegetable agrocenoses
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