Abstract:This work validates a method for detecting potential semiochemicals in mouse urine samples with a volume as small as 10 µL. Using solid-phase microextraction, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, we screened 2,3, 5-trithiahexane, 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole, geraniol, indole, trans-β-farnesene and farnesol in individual urine samples taken daily from mice housed under various social conditions. Excretion of 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole by males did not occur when they were housed in rooms containin… Show more
“…However, the odorant composition in the headspace of a solvent used for extraction may be different from that in the headspace of urine because the solvents extract both free and protein‐bound odorants. Despite the difference in the methods, our results confirm the presence of many odorants in the urine of male mice: I ‐ III ‐ IV ‐ VI ,12 VIII ,7 and X 13, 14. The odorants II , V , VII , IX , XI , XII and XIII have not previously been described.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 74%
“…For the first time, the present results describe the release rate of urinary odorants in the air from small spots in a reliable way. Kayali‐Sayadi et al 7. attempted to extract odorants in the headspace of urine by SPME but the high temperature of extraction (130°C) probably denatured the odorant‐binding proteins of urine and thus modified the composition of the scent.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The split/splitless injection was into a VA‐5, 30 m capillary column, 0.25 mm in diameter, coated with a phenylmethylpolysiloxane (PMPS) film 0.25 µm thick (Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Electron ionization (EI) mass spectra were acquired in full‐scan mode in the range m/z 20–800 7. The GC temperature program was: 15 min at 35°C, a ramp of 3°C/min up to 60°C, holding at 60°C for 5 min, a ramp of 10°C/min up to 150°C, holding for 1 min, a ramp of 25°C/min up to 290°C, holding for 20 min.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…On the other hand, extraction directly from air is limited by the low concentration. Solid‐phase microextraction (SPME), a recent advance in gas chromatography (GC), is a method that facilitates the identification of odorants of urine at a low concentration 7. This new technology has been applied to the headspace extraction of the scent components of urine spots.…”
A dominant male mouse scent-marks his territory very frequently by emitting small urinary spots. The urine spots release in the air a variety of odorants that transmit different information to other mice, especially those concerning the time of deposition. To investigate this effect, small spots of urine of a dominant male mouse were left to freely release the odorants in the air for time intervals ranging from 0 min to 24 h prior to sampling. Thereupon, the odorants remaining in the spot were sampled at diffusion equilibrium (45 degrees C) in a small vial by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to flame ionisation detection and mass spectrometry. Thirteen odorants were consistently found. Nine odorants were identified and four were matched. The rate of release of each odorant was characteristic and was described using principal component analysis. A first principal component was based on nine early odorants that showed a decreasing release over time. The odorants were 2,4-dehydro-exo-brevicomin, an unknown with 78% matching to 4-acetonilcycloheptanone, linalool, 2,4-dimethyl-phenol, 4-ethylphenol, indole, 2-butyl-1-octanol, an unknown with 83% matching to 2-ethyl-1-decanol, and 2,4-bis-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol. A second principal component, based on two unknowns with 73% matching to yohimban-17-one and 71% matching to the 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethyl ester of propanoic acid, had an irregular release after deposition. A third principal component of late odorants, based on 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole and 6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecaden-2-one, had a peak of release at about 22 min. In conclusion, the release of the odorants in the headspace of a urine spot may code and transmit information on the deposition time.
“…However, the odorant composition in the headspace of a solvent used for extraction may be different from that in the headspace of urine because the solvents extract both free and protein‐bound odorants. Despite the difference in the methods, our results confirm the presence of many odorants in the urine of male mice: I ‐ III ‐ IV ‐ VI ,12 VIII ,7 and X 13, 14. The odorants II , V , VII , IX , XI , XII and XIII have not previously been described.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 74%
“…For the first time, the present results describe the release rate of urinary odorants in the air from small spots in a reliable way. Kayali‐Sayadi et al 7. attempted to extract odorants in the headspace of urine by SPME but the high temperature of extraction (130°C) probably denatured the odorant‐binding proteins of urine and thus modified the composition of the scent.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The split/splitless injection was into a VA‐5, 30 m capillary column, 0.25 mm in diameter, coated with a phenylmethylpolysiloxane (PMPS) film 0.25 µm thick (Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Electron ionization (EI) mass spectra were acquired in full‐scan mode in the range m/z 20–800 7. The GC temperature program was: 15 min at 35°C, a ramp of 3°C/min up to 60°C, holding at 60°C for 5 min, a ramp of 10°C/min up to 150°C, holding for 1 min, a ramp of 25°C/min up to 290°C, holding for 20 min.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…On the other hand, extraction directly from air is limited by the low concentration. Solid‐phase microextraction (SPME), a recent advance in gas chromatography (GC), is a method that facilitates the identification of odorants of urine at a low concentration 7. This new technology has been applied to the headspace extraction of the scent components of urine spots.…”
A dominant male mouse scent-marks his territory very frequently by emitting small urinary spots. The urine spots release in the air a variety of odorants that transmit different information to other mice, especially those concerning the time of deposition. To investigate this effect, small spots of urine of a dominant male mouse were left to freely release the odorants in the air for time intervals ranging from 0 min to 24 h prior to sampling. Thereupon, the odorants remaining in the spot were sampled at diffusion equilibrium (45 degrees C) in a small vial by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to flame ionisation detection and mass spectrometry. Thirteen odorants were consistently found. Nine odorants were identified and four were matched. The rate of release of each odorant was characteristic and was described using principal component analysis. A first principal component was based on nine early odorants that showed a decreasing release over time. The odorants were 2,4-dehydro-exo-brevicomin, an unknown with 78% matching to 4-acetonilcycloheptanone, linalool, 2,4-dimethyl-phenol, 4-ethylphenol, indole, 2-butyl-1-octanol, an unknown with 83% matching to 2-ethyl-1-decanol, and 2,4-bis-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol. A second principal component, based on two unknowns with 73% matching to yohimban-17-one and 71% matching to the 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethyl ester of propanoic acid, had an irregular release after deposition. A third principal component of late odorants, based on 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole and 6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecaden-2-one, had a peak of release at about 22 min. In conclusion, the release of the odorants in the headspace of a urine spot may code and transmit information on the deposition time.
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder affecting mammals, including humans. Uncontrolled epilepsy is associated with poor quality of life, accidents, and sudden death. In particular, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of pharmacoresistant epilepsy, which easily gets out of control in human adults. The aim of this study was to profile urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a mouse model of TLE using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirteen urinary VOCs exhibited differential abundance between epileptic and control mice, and the corresponding areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were greater than 0.8. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on these 13 VOCs separated epileptic from sham operated-mice, suggesting that all these 13 VOCs are epilepsy biomarkers. Promax rotation and dendrogram analysis concordantly separated the 13 VOCs into three groups. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis extracted methanethiol; disulfide, dimethyl; and 2-butanone as predictors. Based on known metabolic systems, the results suggest that TLE induced by amygdala stimulation could affect both endogenous metabolites and the gut flora. Future work will elucidate the physiological meaning of the VOCs as end-products of metabolic networks and assess the impact of the metabolic background involved in development of TLE.
To the human nose, mice produce unique, persistent and potent odour which is widely assumed to be derived mainly from their urine. In this review, we discuss why the mouse odour is so potent and long-lasting to the human nose. Sensory and chemical analyses have revealed that 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (SBT) was the major mousy odorant and present almost exclusively in male urine. It is not depleted from urine even after repeated headspace or solvent extractions since its majority is tightly bound to the major urinary proteins (MUPs) in male mouse urine that serve to control the release. The urinary concentration of SBT is estimated to be around several hundred parts per million when the binding of SBT to MUPs is considered, while its human olfactory threshold is estimated to be approximately at the parts per billion level. Therefore, the strikingly persistent quality of mouse urine odour, mainly contributed by SBT, is explained by its low human olfactory threshold, its presence in urine at a high concentration, and its delayed release by MUPs.
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