Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2018: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use

Johnston, Lloyd D.; Miech, Richard A.; O’Malley, Patrick M.; Bachman, Jerald G.; Schulenberg, John E.; Patrick, Megan E.

doi:10.3998/2027.42/150621

Cited by 602 publications

(618 citation statements)

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“…While trends are consistent even when stratified by demographic groups, the relationship between demographic groups and frequent cannabis use are themselves shifting across time. The prevalence of frequent cannabis use is converging by race/ethnicity and sex and diverging by parental education and age across time, which is consistent with previous research showing a complete convergence in use between black and white students , a shrinking gap in use between boys and girls in the most recent decade and a growing gap in cannabis use across age during the past 3 decades . To our knowledge, ours are the first data to suggest that cannabis use differences by socio‐economic status among US adolescents are growing over time, indicative of the potential for an emerging health disparity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cannabis is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substances in the United States . Past‐year cannabis use among 12th‐grade students has decreased since the peak of use in the late 1970s (50.8% in 1979), although data from the past dozen years suggest that cannabis use is again rising (increasing from 31.5% in 2006 to 35.9% in 2018 among 12th‐grade students) . There is a concern that those who use cannabis may be using at higher frequency, as we have seen an increase in adult cannabis use frequency .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Although black youth have historically had lower prevalence of cannabis use compared with white youth, cannabis use among black students has increased during the past 10 years and converged with that of white students . Similarly, the prevalence of use by boys and girls has converged ; while prevalence has decreased among boys, there have been some recent increases among girls’ use. However, the extent to which these convergences of cannabis use by race/ethnicity and sex extend to high‐frequency cannabis use—which is of greatest consequence for public health—remains unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age, period and cohort effects in frequent cannabis use among US students: 1991–2018

et al. 2019

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Background and Aims As the legal status of cannabis changes across the United States and modes of administration expand, it is important to examine the potential impact on adolescent cannabis use. This study aimed to assess changes in prevalence of frequent cannabis use in adolescents in the United States and how far this varies by age and cohort. Design Analysis of Monitoring the Future, a nationally representative annual survey of 8th‐, 10th‐ and 12th‐grade students in the United States conducted from 1991 to 2018. Setting In‐school surveys completed by US adolescents. Participants A total of 1 236 159 8th‐, 10th‐ and 12th‐graders; 51.5% female, 59.6% non‐Hispanic white, 12.3% non‐Hispanic black, 13.4% Hispanic and 14.7% other race/ethnicity. Measurements Frequent cannabis use (FCU), defined as six or more occasions in the past 30 days, stratified by sex, race/ethnicity and parental education. Findings FCU among US adolescents increased over the study period; the peak in 2010–18 was 11.4% among 18‐year‐old students. This increase was best explained by both period and cohort effects. Compared with respondents in 2005, adolescents surveyed in 2018 had period effects in FCU that were 1.6 times greater. Adolescents in younger birth cohorts (those born > 1988) had a lower increase in FCU than those born prior to 1988. Results were consistent across sex, parent education and race/ethnicity, with period effects indicating increasing FCU after 2005 and cohort effects indicating a lower magnitude of increase in more recent birth cohorts. Age and parental education disparities in FCU have increased over time, whereas race/ethnicity differences have converged over time; black students were 0.67 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64–0.70] times as likely to use cannabis frequently as white students from 1991 to 2000, and 1.03 (95% CI = 0.98–1.09) times as likely from 2011 to 2018 (P‐value for time interaction < 0.001). Conclusions The prevalence of frequent cannabis use (FCU) increased from 1991 to 2018 among older adolescents in the United States. Racial/ethnic differences in FCU converged, whereas parental education differences have diverged.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age, period and cohort effects in frequent cannabis use among US students: 1991–2018

et al. 2019

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“…Similarly, aspects of race/ethnic group membership have been shown to mitigate or exacerbate the magnitude of alcohol‐related outcomes (Gilman et al, ). For example, Whites tend to consume more alcohol than Blacks (Johnston et al, ) but Blacks reportedly have higher levels of alcohol problems (Zapolski et al, ). Yet, the risk for alcohol dependence associated with FH + seems to increase with age in Whites but decrease with age in Blacks (Russell et al, ).…”

Section: Variability In Measurement Of Fh (Dichotomous Vs Density)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Density and Dichotomous Family History Measures of Alcohol Use Disorder as Predictors of Behavioral and Neural Phenotypes: A Comparative Study Across Gender and Race/Ethnicity

Pandey

Seay

Meyers

et al. 2020

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Background Family history (FH) is an important risk factor for the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). A variety of dichotomous and density measures of FH have been used to predict alcohol outcomes; yet, a systematic comparison of these FH measures is lacking. We compared 4 density and 4 commonly used dichotomous FH measures and examined variations by gender and race/ethnicity in their associations with age of onset of regular drinking, parietal P3 amplitude to visual target, and likelihood of developing AUD. Methods Data from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) were utilized to compute the density and dichotomous measures. Only subjects and their family members with DSM‐5 AUD diagnostic information obtained through direct interviews using the Semi‐Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) were included in the study. Area under receiver operating characteristic curves were used to compare the diagnostic accuracy of FH measures at classifying DSM‐5 AUD diagnosis. Logistic and linear regression models were used to examine associations of FH measures with alcohol outcomes. Results Density measures had greater diagnostic accuracy at classifying AUD diagnosis, whereas dichotomous measures presented diagnostic accuracy closer to random chance. Both dichotomous and density measures were significantly associated with likelihood of AUD, early onset of regular drinking, and low parietal P3 amplitude, but density measures presented consistently more robust associations. Further, variations in these associations were observed such that among males (vs. females) and Whites (vs. Blacks), associations of alcohol outcomes with density (vs. dichotomous) measures were greater in magnitude. Conclusions Density (vs. dichotomous) measures seem to present more robust associations with alcohol outcomes. However, associations of dichotomous and density FH measures with different alcohol outcomes (behavioral vs. neural) varied across gender and race/ethnicity. These findings have great applicability for alcohol research examining FH of AUD.

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“…Data has been collected on adolescents, young adults and older adults with findings that show illicit drug use at some point among all groups (Johnston, Miech, O'Malley, et al, 2019). In 2016, the Center for Disease and Prevention reported 3.6% of children ages 12 to 17 abuse opioids and other prescription drugs; the percentage doubled with young adults ages 18 to 25 who abused the same type drugs (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2017).…”

Section: Opioid Drug Abuse Affect People All Agesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opioid Knows No Color or Economic Status: Crossing Over to Drug Addictions

Shumpert¹,

Evans²

2020

JLAS

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Opioid crisis continues to gain ground in the United States with little regards to color or economic status. More than 800 people die weekly from opioid-related overdosestotally well over 42,000 deaths in 2016, and the number is rising. Surprisingly, the opioid overdose deaths involved an estimated 40% prescription opioid abuse. As reported by the National Drug Institute (2017), opioid addiction is often described as an "equal opportunity" problem that can afflict people from all races and walks of life. Unlike the crack crises of the past, the present opioid epidemic has extremely impacted White Americans not only the rural and poor, but also suburban and middle class or affluent. Further, current opioid overdoses deaths have increased for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics, they have increased to a far greater degree for White Americans. Efforts to battle the increasing opioid epidemic have moved from incarceration to using legislation to limit the prescriptions being distributed. State and federal laws are being enacted to placing limitations on opioid prescriptions.

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Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2018: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use

Cited by 602 publications

References 0 publications

Age, period and cohort effects in frequent cannabis use among US students: 1991–2018

Age, period and cohort effects in frequent cannabis use among US students: 1991–2018

Density and Dichotomous Family History Measures of Alcohol Use Disorder as Predictors of Behavioral and Neural Phenotypes: A Comparative Study Across Gender and Race/Ethnicity

Opioid Knows No Color or Economic Status: Crossing Over to Drug Addictions

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