Illicit Drugs Showing Declines in Use in 2018 Relatively few drugs exhibited a significant decline in use in 2018, although the use of most drugs is well below the peak levels reached in recent years. Annual prevalence for salvia continued its gradual decline in 2018 with a significant drop of 0.2 percentage points to 0.8%. It appears that the use of this drug is close to ending. Annual tranquilizer prevalence among 12 th graders continued to fall significantly in 2018 by 0.8 percentage points to 3.9%-well below the 7.7% observed in 2002. There has been little change in the lower grades, however, since 2013. Narcotics other than heroin, reported only for 12 th grade, also declined, as will be discussed below under psychotherapeutic drugs. Use of Most Illicit Drugs Held Steady in 2018 There are many classes of drugs tracked in the MTF study, and the majority of them held relatively steady in 2018. These include an index of any illicit drug other than marijuana, synthetic marijuana, LSD, hallucinogens other than LSD, MDMA (ecstasy, Molly), cocaine, crack, bath salts, heroin (overall, and when used with or without a needle), narcotics other than heroin (reported for 12 th grade only), Oxycontin, Vicodin, amphetamines (taken as a class), ritalin, adderall, sedatives (reported at 12 th grade only), tranquilizers, methamphetamine, crystal methamphetamine, and steroids. tracked adolescent drug use. Nicotine vaping prevalence rates in 2018 were 11%, 25%, and 30%, respectively. Marijuana vaping also increased substantially in 2018 as this new way of using marijuana becomes more mainstream. In 2018 prevalence of use in the last 12 months increased 1.3, 4.2, and 3.6 percentage points in 8 th , 10 th , and 12 th grades to levels of 4.4%, 12.4%, and 13.1%, respectively. Vaping just flavoring also substantially increased in 2018 to past-year prevalence levels of 15%, 25%, and 26% in 8 th , 10 th , and 12 th grades. Adolescents associate little risk of harm with vaping. MTF asks separately about regular use of "e-cigarettes" and also regular vaping of nicotine. Levels of perceived risk for these behaviors rank near the lowest of all substances, with little change in recent years. Alcohol Use Continues Declining in Upper Grades Alcohol remains the substance most widely used by today's teenagers. Despite recent declines, by the end of high school six out of every ten students (59%) have consumed alcohol (more than just a few sips) at some time in their lives (after a significant 3 percentage point drop in 2018); and about a quarter (24%) have done so by 8 th grade. (Only the 12 th grade showed significant change in 2018.) Alcohol use began a substantial decline in the 1980s. To some degree, alcohol trends have tended to parallel the trends in illicit drug use. These include a modest increase in binge drinking (defined as having five or more drinks in a row at least once in the past two weeks) in the early to mid-1990s, though it was a proportionally smaller increase than was seen for cigarettes and most of the illicit drugs. Fort...

IMPORTANCEThe public health implications of e-cigarettes depend, in part, on whether e-cigarette use affects the risk of cigarette smoking.OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies that assessed initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking.

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Over the past half century two competing hypotheses in sociological inquiry have provided interpretations of the well-documented association between low socioeconomic status and mental disorders. The selection hypothesis asserts that mental disorders impair status attainment, whereas the causation hypothesis states that conditions of life associated with low socioeconomic status markedly increase the risk of mental disorders. Using data from the longitudinal Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (n=1037), we examine selection and causation processes during the transition to young adulthood by investigating the mutual influence of mental disorders and educational attainment, a core element of socioeconomic status. The Dunedin Study follows a cohort from birth to age 21, and includes psychiatric diagnoses for study members at ages 15 and 21 using DSM criteria. We focus on the four disorders of anxiety, depression, anti-social disorder, and attention deficit disorder and find a unique relationship with socioeconomic status for each one. These findings highlight the need for (a) greater consideration of antisocial disorders in the status attainment process and (b) more theoretical development in the sociology of mental disorders to account for disorder-specific relations with socioeconomic status.