Monitoring the recovery-stress state in athletes

Heidari, Jahan; Kölling, Sarah; Pelka, Maximilian; Kellmann, Michael

doi:10.4324/9781315268149-1

Cited by 13 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…Since recovery is a highly individual process and recovery strategies have to match an individual's specific needs (Pelka et al, 2017b ; Heidari et al, 2018 ), missing intervention effects of the laboratory study can also be explained. Optimal short-term recovery can only be achieved when recovery activities are consciously planned according to situational and environmental needs (Pelka and Kellmann, 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Effects of Mental Recovery Strategies After a Mentally Fatiguing Task

et al. 2020

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Both daily demands as well as training and competition characteristics in sports can result in a psychobiological state of mental fatigue leading to feelings of tiredness, lack of energy, an increased perception of effort, and performance decrements. Moreover, optimal performance will only be achievable if the balance between recovery and stress states is re-established. Consequently, recovery strategies are needed aiming at mental aspects of recovery. The aim of the study was to examine acute effects of potential mental recovery strategies (MR) on subjective-psychological and on cognitive performance outcomes after a mentally fatiguing task. A laboratory-based randomized cross-over study with twenty-four students (22.8 ± 3.6 years) was applied. Participants were run through a powernap intervention (PN), a systematic breathing intervention (SB), a systematic breathing plus mental imagery intervention (SB+), and a control condition (CC) with one trial a week over four consecutive weeks. Mental fatigue was induced by completion of the 60-min version of the AX-continuous performance test (AX-CPT). The Short Recovery and Stress Scale (SRSS) and Visual Analog Scales (VAS) were assessed to measure effects on perceptual outcomes. Cognitive performance was measured with a reaction time test of the Vienna Test System (VTS). During all three recovery interventions and CC portable polysomnography was applied. Results showed a significant increase from pre-AX-CPT to pre-MR on fatigue states and recovery-stress states indicating that the induction of mental fatigue was effective. Moreover, results underlined that analysis yielded no significant differences between recovery interventions and the control condition but they revealed significant time effects for VAS, SRSS items, and cognitive performance. However, it could be derived that the application of a rest break with 20 min of mental recovery strategies appears to enhance recovery on a mainly mental and emotional level and to reduce perceived mental fatigue.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Effects of Mental Recovery Strategies After a Mentally Fatiguing Task

et al. 2020

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“…47 A regular monitoring of sleep behaviour (objective as well as subjective assessment) and the assessment of training parameters and recovery-stress responses are therefore important in elite sports. 48 On the one hand, this allows for detecting irregularities (e.g., due to travel or illness) and deriving interventions at an early stage. On the other hand, implementation of recovery modalities and sleep management strategies can be evaluated.…”

Section: Implications and Concluding Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep-Related Issues for Recovery and Performance in Athletes

Kölling¹,

Duffield²,

Erlacher³

et al. 2019

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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The body of research that reports the relevance of sleep in high-performance sports is growing steadily. While the identification of sleep cycles and diagnosis of sleep disorders is limited to lab-based assessment via polysomnography, the development of activity-based devices estimating sleep patterns provides greater insight into the sleep behaviour of athletes in ecological settings. Overall, small sleep quantity and/or poor quality appears to exist in many athletic populations, though this may be related to training and competition context. Typical sleep-affecting factors are the scheduling of training sessions and competitions as well as impaired sleep-onset as a result of increased arousal prior to competition or due to the use of electronic devices before bedtime. Further challenges are travel demands which may be accompanied by jet-lag symptoms and disruption of sleep habits. Promotion of sleep may be approached via behavioural strategies, such as sleep hygiene, extending night-time sleep or daytime napping. Pharmacological interventions should be limited to clinically-induced treatments as evidence among healthy and athletic populations is lacking. To optimise and manage sleep in athletes, it is recommended to implement routine sleep monitoring on an individual basis.

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“…Another modification has been reported by Yelling et al (2002) who have illustrated the verbal and numerical rating scale with pictorial images of exertion. However, the recovery-stress continuum is multi-dimensional and cannot be simplified by assessing only the exertion or the absence thereof (Kellmann, 2010; Heidari et al, 2018). While it is recommended to capture different aspects of recovery and stress (e.g., mood, emotional well-being), it is doubtful whether existing questionnaires which were developed and validated among adults can be transferred to be used on younger athletes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification and Applicability of Questionnaires to Assess the Recovery-Stress State Among Adolescent and Child Athletes

et al. 2019

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Despite the general consensus regarding the implementation of self-report measures in the training monitoring, there is a lack of research about their applicability and comprehensibility among developing athletes. However, this target group needs special considerations to manage the increasing training demands while maintaining health and performance. This study deals with challenges of applying recovery-stress questionnaires which were validated with adult populations among developing athletes and presents a possible approach to enhance their applicability. In two phases, the Acute Recovery and Stress Scale (ARSS), a 32-adjective list covering eight scales, and the 8-item derived version, the Short Recovery and Stress Scale (SRSS) were answered by 1052 athletes between 10 and 16 years. Phase 1 included 302 14- to 16-year-old athletes who used the original questionnaires with the additional option to mark “I don’t understand,” while modified versions with additional explanations (phase 2) were applied to 438 adolescents (14.7 ± 0.6 years) and 312 child athletes (11.8 ± 1.1 years). Data of the original validation sample (n = 442) were reanalyzed to examine measurement invariance between adults and adolescents. The results showed comparable psychometric properties to the validation sample (e.g., rit > 0.30) and acceptable fit indices via confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), although more difficulties and limitations were present within the younger groups (e.g., Cronbach’s α between 0.50 and 0.87), especially among 10- and 11-year-olds. The original as well as the modified SRSS, on the other hand, indicated good applicability (Cronbach’s α between 0.72 and 0.80). Multigroup CFA revealed measurement invariance of the original ARSS among adults and adolescents and of the modified ARSS among adolescents and children. Overall, the present study confirmed the assumption that questionnaires designed by and for adults cannot be directly transferred to younger athletes. The peculiarities and differences in the cognitive and affective development of each age group need to be considered. Future research needs to identify a cut-off age to start the proper use of psychometric tools, especially for state-oriented assessments for routine application in training monitoring. Further modifications and long-term investigations are necessary to implement psychometric monitoring in high-performance environments within youth sport.

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Monitoring the recovery-stress state in athletes

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Acute Effects of Mental Recovery Strategies After a Mentally Fatiguing Task

Acute Effects of Mental Recovery Strategies After a Mentally Fatiguing Task

Sleep-Related Issues for Recovery and Performance in Athletes

Modification and Applicability of Questionnaires to Assess the Recovery-Stress State Among Adolescent and Child Athletes

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