Monkeypox and other zoonotic poxviruses

Abstract

Poxviruses are among the most important diseases for humanity. An important triumph was achieved with the eradication of smallpox defined by the World Health Organization in 1979. There are many viruses in the poxvirus family that are pathogenic for both humans and other creatures. Some of these disease agents contain zoonotic potential. The family include non-zoonotic agents, such as sheep and goat pox are important disease. Smallpox viruses with zoonotic potential are among the diseases that are neglected because they do not cause epidemics. Recently, however, increased monkeypox cases the public attention in this family has rose up again. Therefore, it is aimed to write down a review that gives information about monkeypox, cowpox, vaccine, bovine papular stomatitis, orf, pseudocowpox, gray seal pox and red deer viruses.

A compilation answering 50 questions on monkeypox virus and the current monkeypox outbreak

“…Although there are many reservoirs for MPXV, human transmission has only been proven from the orangutan, cynomolgus monkey, string squirrel, and prairie dog. 9,[20][21][22] Human-to-animal transmissions have been reported in the 2022 MPX outbreak and seem to be epidemiologically significant. 9,23 However, further evidence on this transmission route should be demonstrated.…”

“…Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is classified in Orthopoxvirus genus, Chordopoxvirinae subfamily, Poxviridae family, Chitovirales order, Pokkesviricetes class, Nucleocytoviricota phylum, Bamfordvirae kingdom, Varidnaviria realm. The Orthopoxvirus genus includes 12 poxvirus species that infect humans and animals and consist of three zoonotic agents: cowpox virus, MPXV, and vaccinia virus 8,9 . MPXV is taxonomically related to other orthopoxviruses that are vaccinia, cowpox, variola virus (the agent of smallpox), molluscipoxvirus (Molluscum contagiosum virus), parapoxviruses (bovine papular stomatitis virus, grey sealpox virus, orf virus, pseudocowpox virus, and red deerpox virus), and yatapoxviruses (tanapox virus and yaba monkey tumor virus), which cause human infection, and some of them are zoonotic 9,10 …”

“…9,[20][21][22] Human-to-animal transmissions have been reported in the 2022 MPX outbreak and seem to be epidemiologically significant. 9,23 However, further evidence on this transmission route should be demonstrated. 24…”

“…and nonhuman primates (chimpanzee, rhesus macaques, orangutan, cynomolgus monkey, Asian monkeys, mona monkey, grivet, mangabeys, Western red colobus, etc). Although there are many reservoirs for MPXV, human transmission has only been proven from the orangutan, cynomolgus monkey, string squirrel, and prairie dog 9,20–22 . Human‐to‐animal transmissions have been reported in the 2022 MPX outbreak and seem to be epidemiologically significant 9,23 .…”

Utilizing the Ensemble of Deep Learning Approaches to Identify Monkeypox Disease

“…The number of cases reported worldwide is increasing every year, with over 6200 and 9400 confirmed and suspected cases reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020 and 2021, respectively. According to the WHO, from 1 January to 22 June 2022, 3413 laboratory-confirmed cases and one death have been reported [2], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8].…”