“…NE reduces neuroinflammation (Feinstein et al, 2002), helps ameliorate amyloid cellular toxicity (Counts and Mufson, 2010), and protects cultured neurons from metabolic (Madrigal et al, 2009) and oxidative stress (Troadec et al, 2001). LC-NE activation can increase BDNF production (Jurič et al, 2006) and hippocampal neurogenesis (Kulkarni et al, 2002; Masuda et al, 2012; Veyrac et al, 2009)–both of which promote healthy cognitive and memory function. Exploration of novel environments, one form of mental stimulation, activates the LC (Kitchigina et al, 1997; Sara et al, 1994) and enhances memory via an adrenergic mechanism (Straube et al, 2003; Veyrac et al, 2009).…”