The early-methionine-labelled (Em) polypeptide is the single most abundant cytosolic protein of dry wheat embryos. It is encoded by messenger RNA which accumulates during the later (maturation) stages of embryogenesis. The accumulation of Em mRNA can be induced in isolated developing embryos, in culture, by the application of the plant growth regulator, abscisic acid, which prevents precocious germination.Precocious germination is also inhibited by the culture of embryos under conditions of osmotic stress when accumulation of Em mRNA is induced. This induction occurs in the absence of any significant increase in the endogenous levels of embryonic abscisic acid although there is a requirement for the continued presence of the growth regulator. Additionally, expression of Em genes can be repeated during early germination, if imbibing embryos are subjected to osmotic stress. Induction of Em-gene expression by osmotic stress is consistent with the proposed role of the Em polypeptide in mediating the remarkable tolerance of cereal embryos to the programmed desiccation undergone during their maturation Embryonic development in cereals produces a differentiated embryo held within the developing grain in a developmentally arrested condition, whilst reserves within the endosperm continue to accumulate. The arrested embryo undergoes a period of maturation, during which characteristic changes in the pattern of gene expression occur within it. The maintenance of embryonic arrest and the associated accumulation of a maturation-specific subset of gene products is believed to be controlled by the plant growth regulator, abscisic acid: embryos which are removed from immature grains prior to the onset of maturation and cultured in the presence of abscisic acid do not germinate precociously, but accumulate maturation-specific proteins and mRNA [l -31.In the final stages of maturation, dehydration causes the cessation of metabolic activity within the embryo. Additionally, the developmental programme of the grain becomes radically altered, so that upon subsequent imbibition of water, the previously arrested mature embryo germinates. The maturation-specific gene products within the embryo disappear and the expression of a new subset of germination-specific genes occurs [4, 51. It is thought that the developmental switch effected by dehydration is due in part to the decline of endogenous abscisic acid during the last period of maturation. However, dehydration to a moisture content of z 5% fresh mass also appears to reduce the sensitivity of the embryo to inhibition of germination by exogenously applied abscisic acidIn recent years, a number of the abscisic-acid-related maturation-specific gene products of cereal embryos have been identified and characterised in some detail. The maintenance
151.Correspandence to A. C. Cuming, Department of Genetics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, EnglandAbbreviutions. dpa, days post-anthesis; Em, early-methioninelabelled polypeptide; norflurazon, 4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(a,ct,a,-trifluoro-rr?-...