Mononationals, hyphenationals, and shadow-nationals: multiple citizenship as practice

Citizenship on paper or at heart? a closer look into the dual citizenship debate in Europe

“…The exception is Ronkainen (2011) who, relying on Tilly's (1995) thick-thin distinction, introduces differentiations between sources of citizenship ties: feeling of belonging to national community (roots), feeling of loyalty to state, political participation (voice) and no visible citizenship ties (exit). Notwithstanding the sophistication of this distinction, the definition of different ties suffers from overlaps and it is not sufficiently clear how they relate at the aggregate level to thin and thick senses of citizenship.…”

“…Bloemraad 2006;Conover, Crewe and Searing 1991;Lister et al 2003) so far conducted on citizens' espousal of the theoretical conceptualisations is the perspective of dual citizens. Recently, a handful of qualitative studies have addressed this lack by examining the interlinkage between citizenship and nationality in the case of dual citizens in Finland (Ronkainen 2011), national belonging and transnational allegiances of returning Trinidadians (Conway, Potter and Bernard 2008) or of returning Lebanese citizens (Skulte-Ouaiss 2013). Regardless of the variation in their geographical scope, these studies identify diverse attitudes to citizenship ties ranging from mono to binationals or else from regional to global citizens.…”

“…The expressions of (trans)national identifications are also entangled in distinct combinations of migration and citizenship acquisition patterns. These interrelationships are most systematically displayed in Ronkainen's (2011) typology in which particular sorts of identifications are associated with particular migration backgrounds. For instance, while hyphenationalists, that is to say, the group of dual citizens who identify comfortably with two societies, are more often than not those born into a nationally mixed family, expatriate mononationals are those who have migrated in their adulthood, acquired Finnish citizenship through naturalisation and who value it as a politico-juridical status rather than as an emotional attachment.…”

“…Aleinikoff and Klusmeyer 2001;Faist and Kivisto 2007;Gustafson 2002;Hansen and Weil 2002;Sejersen 2008). Paralleling the scarcity of micro level research in citizenship literature, scholars, with few exceptions (Conway, Potter and Bernard 2008;Ronkainen 2011;Skulte-Ouaiss 2013) that I will delve into in the next section, have seldom dealt with individuals' practices of dual citizenship (Kivisto and Faist 2007, 12). This lack becomes particularly significant in an era when the quality of citizenship as a source of identity is more contested than ever.…”

Passport sales: how island microstates use strategic management to organise the new economic citizenship industry

“…A passport of convenience from an island microstate confers expanded visa-free entry and residence rights in rich countries and regions, lower taxation, and other instrumental advantages. Passport purchasers buy 'shadow nationality' (Ronkainen, 2011), a touristic rather than rooted experience of citizenship-requiring (almost) no residency, participation, or loyalty.…”