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Tonga, Samoa, the Marshall Islands, Vanuatu and Nauru and internal and international opposition to them. Tension exists between different conceptions of citizenship within the world-system. Sales reflect classical liberal, individualistic, free market conceptions of citizenship. Opponents invoke both conservative and democratic conceptions of citizenship. The paper favours democratic solutions to many problems sales create. Sales schemes involve secrecy, corruption, and facilitate crime-which attenuates following exposure by media, opposition politicians, watchdogs and crusaders against international terrorism. Pacific Island havens currently have no legal, official passport sales schemes, but the paper demonstrates that they probably continue.

The flags of convenience (FOC) shipping system promotes laissez-faire global capitalist development and has become dominant in providing the legal framework for ocean commerce in recent decades, as it has largely replaced the national flag shipping system. FOCs reduce the powers of nation-states in taxing, owning, and regulating property; controlling competition; setting wage rates and working conditions; and providing environmental protection. The growing use of FOCs arises from shipowners' worldwide shopping for laws that they are willing to pay for-to ensure the strongest private property rights and neoliberal capitalist conceptions of efficiency. FOC are offered to foreigners by tax havens or offshore financial centres in small states such as Panama, Liberia, and the Marshall Islands. Flags from these open registers have a crucial role in drastically reducing transportation costs, vastly increasing the scale of maritime trade, and providing viability to globally integrated systems of production, distribution and consumption, as well as shifting power away from traditional centres of influence. FOCs push for a low tax, low wage, libertarian system of global capitalism, yet they unintentionally contribute to chronic instability-bubbles, overcapacity, and severe downturns in shipping and the wider global political economy.

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This paper examines the most influential model of tourism development, the life cycle model, which has defined a ‘normal science’ of evolution for tourism destinations. The model is internally coherent, logical, easily intelligible and was used extensively as a guide to predicting development. For all destinations it postulates a path of steady growth until stagnation is reached. The model's widespread influence has discouraged policy and planning prior to stagnation. This paper illustrates the model's limitations, through a comparative analysis of tourism development in Queensland and Hawaii. Tourism growth in actual destinations does not support the model's predictions, in that some of the most attractive, but undeveloped destinations, have shown limited growth, while there are no indications of decline in established ‘mass’ destinations. Tourism growth in undeveloped areas is not inevitable, nor need developed destinations eventually stagnate. The paper argues that there is no automatic developmental progression. At all levels of development there are crisis points requiring coherent policy implementation if sustainable tourism growth is to be achieved.