More Research Is Necessary to Establish the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine in Female Athletes

Salinero, Juan José; Lara, Beatriz; Jiménez-Ormeño, Ester; Romero-Moraleda, Blanca; Giráldez-Costas, Verónica; Baltazar‐Martins, Gabriel

doi:10.3390/nu11071600

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…A recent review of the caffeine literature found that only ~13% of the total sample in research on the ergogenic effect of caffeine between 1978 and 2018 were women and that the number of women in studies investigating caffeine effects on speed and muscle power is very low. 9 A likely explanation for this difference in representation of the sexes is that females can be a slightly more challenging cohort to conduct caffeine research on. The use of oral contraceptives 10 and the large variations in hormone concentrations between phases of the menstrual cycles 11 can alter caffeine metabolization speeds, 12 which in turn may alter the ergogenic effects of caffeine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, variations in strength and power have been demonstrated throughout the menstrual cycle, 13 which can cause noise in performance data and affect overall results. Taken together, although there are a number of studies demonstrating that caffeine clearly has an ergogenic effect in females, 9,[14][15][16] the information about the effect of caffeine on muscle performance in women is uncertain, especially in strength and power performance. As an example, a recent meta-subgroup analysis examined the effects of caffeine on muscle power in females for the first time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Caffeine increases strength and power performance in resistance‐trained females during early follicular phase

Norum

Risvang

Bjørnsen

et al. 2020

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caffeine increases strength and power performance in resistance‐trained females during early follicular phase

Norum

Risvang

Bjørnsen

et al. 2020

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For that reason, caution would be needed in extrapolating the recommendations made for men to women, since the vast majority of the studies included only male participants [1,2,5,21]. In fact, only ~13% of participants in investigations aimed to determine the ergogenic effect of caffeine are women, while the effect of caffeine in women at high (>9 mg/kg) or very low doses (<1 mg/kg) is unexplored [22]. In addition, due to the menstrual cycle, women are subject to hormonal changes that could affect sports performance [23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Caffeine Supplementation on Sports Performance Based on Differences Between Sexes: A Systematic Review

et al. 2019

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Most studies that have shown the positive effects of caffeine supplementation on sports performance have been carried out on men. However, the differences between sexes are evident in terms of body size, body composition, and hormonal functioning, which might cause different outcomes on performance for the same dosage of caffeine intake in men vs. women. The main aim of this systematic review was to analyze and compare the effects of caffeine intake between men and women on sports performance to provide a source of knowledge to sports practitioners and coaches, especially for those working with women athletes, on the use of caffeine as an ergogenic aid. A structured search was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in the Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases until 28 July 2019. The search included studies in which the effects of caffeine supplementation on athletic performance were compared between sexes and to an identical placebo situation (dose, duration and timing). No filters were applied for participants’ physical fitness level or age. A total of 254 articles were obtained in the initial search. When applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final sample was 10 articles. The systematic review concluded that four investigations (100% of the number of investigations on this topic) had not found differences between sexes in terms of caffeine supplementation on aerobic performance and 3/3 (100%) on the fatigue index. However, four out of seven articles (57.1%) showed that the ergogenicity of caffeine for anaerobic performance was higher in men than women. In particular, it seems that men are able to produce more power, greater total weight lifted and more speed with the same dose of caffeine than women. In summary, caffeine supplementation produced a similar ergogenic benefit for aerobic performance and the fatigue index in men and women athletes. Nevertheless, the effects of caffeine to produce more power, total weight lifted and to improve sprint performance with respect to a placebo was higher in men than women athletes despite the same dose of caffeine being administered. Thus, the ergogenic effect of acute caffeine intake on anaerobic performance might be higher in men than in women.

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“…However, the majority of the research to date typically focuses on the ingestion of 3–8 mg·kg -1 of anhydrous caffeine, rather than the widely available source of caffeine, coffee [5], and predominantly in men [6], with only ten studies comparing men and women [7]. Consequently, there is a lack of research examining the ergogenic effect of caffeine on women [8], and in particular when receiving alternate forms of caffeine delivery, such as coffee [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coffee Ingestion Improves 5 km Cycling Performance in Men and Women by a Similar Magnitude

2019

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Caffeine is a well-established ergogenic aid, although research to date has predominantly focused on anhydrous caffeine, and in men. The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of coffee ingestion on 5 km cycling time trial performance, and to establish whether sex differences exist. A total of 38 participants (19 men and 19 women) completed a 5 km time trial following the ingestion of 0.09 g·kg-1 coffee providing 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeine (COF), a placebo (PLA), in 300 mL of water, or control (CON). Coffee ingestion significantly increased salivary caffeine levels (p < 0.001; ηP2 = 0.75) and, overall, resulted in improved 5 km time trial performance (p < 0.001; ηP2 = 0.23). Performance following COF (482 ± 51 s) was faster than PLA (491 ± 53 s; p = 0.002; d = 0.17) and CON (487 ± 52 s; p =0.002; d = 0.10) trials, with men and women both improving by approximately 9 seconds and 6 seconds following coffee ingestion compared with placebo and control, respectively. However, no differences were observed between CON and PLA (p = 0.321; d = 0.08). In conclusion, ingesting coffee providing 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeine increased salivary caffeine levels and improved 5 km cycling time trial performance in men and women by a similar magnitude.

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More Research Is Necessary to Establish the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine in Female Athletes

Abstract: Dear Editor-in-Chief, [...]

Cited by 22 publications

References 11 publications

Caffeine increases strength and power performance in resistance‐trained females during early follicular phase

Caffeine increases strength and power performance in resistance‐trained females during early follicular phase

Effect of Caffeine Supplementation on Sports Performance Based on Differences Between Sexes: A Systematic Review

Coffee Ingestion Improves 5 km Cycling Performance in Men and Women by a Similar Magnitude

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