“…Moreover, there is great interest in developing humanoid robots (8,9) that can sense shapes (10,11), textures (12,13), and hardness (14) and manipulate complex objects (11), which are not readily possible by vision alone. Touch (or tactile) sensors are usually made as micro-electromechanical systems composed of micromachined deformable components (15) or by integrating chip with electronic circuit and strain sensitive materials, such as magento-resistive ceramics (16), piezoelectric polymers (17,18), and strain sensitive conducting elastomers (19,20).…”